Uma nova metodologia para detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica utilizando unidades de medição fasorial sincronizada

This dissertation presents a novel methodology for bad data detection and identification in the State Estimation process for electrical power distribution systems with radial topology, using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The state estimation algorithm considers all branch currents of the system, expresssed in rectangular coordinates, as states to be estimated. The measured values will be phasors acquisited by the PMUs. In order to make the system fully observable with few measurement units, it will be considered historical data of active/reactive power demand for the non-monitored buses, provided by the electrical utilities. These values will be considered as inequality constraints varying between minimum and maximum limits in a non-linear optimization problem which aims to minimize the sum of the squared of the residuals considering the residual being the difference between the measured values by the PMUs and their corresponding estimated values, weighted by its corresponding covariances. Based on the estimated branch currents values, other electrical quantities can be calculated by Kirchhoff’s laws. Consideringtheradialtopology,theproposedapproachforthebaddataprocessingconsists on the electrical network partitioning into various subsystems, which aims to reduce the computational effort associated to the states estimation process. The methodology presented in this work for bad data processing will be divided and implemented into two steps. The first part refers to the bad data detection and it is evaluated by the objective function value for each subsystem, in which high values indicate the presence of bad data. The second part relies on the identification of the PMU which is responsible for acquisitioningbaddataanditisaddressedintwodifferentways. Thefirstoneisaddressed for a single subsystem (single feeder) and is based on the creation of fictitious buses, which will be buses with null power demand. The obtained results are validated by using test systems found in the literature. The optimization problem is solved by the Safety Barrier Interior Point Method.Esta dissertação apresenta uma nova metodologia para detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros no processo de estimação de estados para sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com topologia radial, usando Unidades de Medição Fasorial, conhecidas como PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). O algoritmo de estimação de estados considera todas as correntes passantes nas linhas do sistema, expressas em coordenadas retangulares, como estadosaseremestimados. Osvaloresmedidosserãofasoresdetensãoecorrenteaquisitados pelas PMUs. A fim de restaurar a observabilidade do sistema com poucas unidades de medição serão considerados dados históricos de potência ativa/reativa demandada para as barras não monitoradas por PMUs, disponibilizados pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica. Esses valores serão considerados como restrições de desigualdade variando entre limites mínimos e máximos em um problema de otimização não linear cujo objetivo é minimizar a soma dos quadrados dos resíduos, sendo esses a diferença entre o valor da grandeza medida pela PMU e o seu correspondente valor estimado, ponderado por suas respectivas covariâncias. Baseado nos valores de corrente estimados, outras grandezas elétricas podem ser calculadas utilizando leis de Kirchhoff. Considerando a topologia radial dos alimentadores de distribuição, a proposta para o processamento de erros grosseiros consiste na divisão da rede elétrica com topologia radial em vários subsistemas, visando reduzir o esforço computacional associado ao processo de estimaçãodeestados. Ametodologiaapresentadaserádivididaeabordadaemduasetapas. A primeira se refere à detecção de erros grosseiros, sendo avaliada pelo valor da FOB para cada subsistema, onde valores acima de um determinado valor limítrofe preestabelecido para cada uma das FOBs indicam a presença de medidas com erros grosseiros. Já a segunda, baseia-se na identificação da PMU responsável por aquisitar medições com erros grosseiros e pauta-se na abordagem por barras fictícias, barras estas em que a potência demandada é nula. Os resultados obtidos são validados através do uso de sistemas testes encontrados na literatura. O problema de otimização é solucionado pelo Método de Pontos Interiores com Barreira de Segurança (Safety Barrier Interior Point Method).CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

An Accurate, Affordable, and Precise Resazurin-Based Digital Imaging Colorimetric Assay for the Assessment of Fungicide Sensitivity Status of Fungal Populations

This study aimed at the development and validation of an accurate, more affordable, and precise digital imaging resazurin-based fungicide sensitivity colorimetric assay (COL-assay) for fungal plant pathogens from the genera Mycosphaerella and Pyricularia. This proposed digital imaging assay was based on colorimetric estimates of resazurin reduction, which was used as a metabolic indicator of fungal respiration activity on microplate cultures. As fungal model systems, we used the yellow and black Sigatoka pathogens [Mycosphaerella musicola (Mm) and M. fijiensis (Mf), respectively] and the wheat blast pathogen, Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl), which were previously characterized for QoI, DMI, and SDHI fungicide sensitivity. We then compared the classical spectrophotometry detection assay (SPEC-assay) with the proposed COL-assay based on the analyses of digital images of the microplates’ cultures captured with mobile phone cameras on a handmade trans-illuminator built for poorly equipped labs. Qualitatively, in terms of accuracy, there was full correspondence between the SPEC-assay and the COL-assay according to the fungal EC50 or the relative growth classes on QoI, SDHI, and DMI fungicides for both Mycosphaerella and Pyricularia pathogens. We also observed a strong to very strong correlation coefficient between the COL-assay and the SPEC-assay fungicide sensitivity values for the QoI azoxystrobin, the SDHI fluxapyroxad, and the DMI tebuconazole. Our conclusion was that the COL-assay had a similar accuracy as the SPEC-assay (i.e., resulted in similar fungicide-sensitivity categories for both resistant or sensitive fungal isolates) and high precision. By openly sharing here the COL-assay’s full methodology, and the blueprints of the handmade trans-illuminator, we foresee its adoption by poorly equipped labs throughout the country as an affordable venue for monitoring the fungicide resistance status of populations of important fungal plant pathogens such as M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and P. oryzae Triticum and Oryza lineages

Efflux Pumps and Multidrug-Resistance in Pyricularia oryzae Triticum Lineage

Widespread resistance to QoIs, DMI and SDHIs fungicides has been reported for Brazilian populations of the wheat blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl). A pre-existing resistance mechanism not associated with target site mutations has been indicated for resistance to DMIs and SDHIs, with strong indication that PoTl has multidrugresistance (MDR). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that resistance to DMI and SDHI fungicides detected in PoTl was due to efflux pump mediated MDR mechanism(s) by characterizing the sensitivity to antifungal efflux pump substrates. Four antifungal substrates were tested: tolnaftate (TOL), cycloheximide (CHX), rhodamine 6G (RH6G) and triphenyltin chloride (TPCL). TPCL and RH6G were considered the most relevant indicators for enhanced MDR activity. Among the 16 PoTl isolates tested, 9 were insensitive to TPCL, 1 to TOL, 16 to RH6G and 1 to CHX. The PoTl isolates were grouped into four distinct multidrug resistance phenotypes (MDRPs) based on resistance to combinations of fungicides and antifungal efflux pump substrates. Insensitivity to TPCL, RH6G and or TOL correlated well with DMI insensitivity, but MDR was not associated with SDHI resistance. The identification of multiple MDRP phenotypes associated with DMI resistance in our study warrants further research aimed at revealing the exact mechanisms of multidrug resistance in the wheat blast pathogen, including efflux pumps overexpression via transcriptomic analyses of differentially expressed genes; identification and discovery of mutations associated with changes in promoter regions or transcription factors of efflux transporters associated with multidrug resistance

Efflux Pumps and Multidrug-Resistance in Pyricularia oryzae Triticum Lineage

Widespread resistance to QoIs, DMI and SDHIs fungicides has been reported for Brazilian populations of the wheat blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl). A pre-existing resistance mechanism not associated with target site mutations has been indicated for resistance to DMIs and SDHIs, with strong indication that PoTl has multidrugresistance (MDR). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that resistance to DMI and SDHI fungicides detected in PoTl was due to efflux pump mediated MDR mechanism(s) by characterizing the sensitivity to antifungal efflux pump substrates. Four antifungal substrates were tested: tolnaftate (TOL), cycloheximide (CHX), rhodamine 6G (RH6G) and triphenyltin chloride (TPCL). TPCL and RH6G were considered the most relevant indicators for enhanced MDR activity. Among the 16 PoTl isolates tested, 9 were insensitive to TPCL, 1 to TOL, 16 to RH6G and 1 to CHX. The PoTl isolates were grouped into four distinct multidrug resistance phenotypes (MDRPs) based on resistance to combinations of fungicides and antifungal efflux pump substrates. Insensitivity to TPCL, RH6G and or TOL correlated well with DMI insensitivity, but MDR was not associated with SDHI resistance. The identification of multiple MDRP phenotypes associated with DMI resistance in our study warrants further research aimed at revealing the exact mechanisms of multidrug resistance in the wheat blast pathogen, including efflux pumps overexpression via transcriptomic analyses of differentially expressed genes; identification and discovery of mutations associated with changes in promoter regions or transcription factors of efflux transporters associated with multidrug resistance

Potential of Pseudomonas and Trichoderma from the Brazilian Amazon as Biocontrol Agents against the Wheat Blast Disease

Blast is one of the most significant wheat diseases, causing high yield losses in susceptible varieties under favorable conditions in Latin America, Southeastern Asia and Eastern Africa. The disease is caused by the ascomycetous fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl). Chemical control with fungicides has been used as a management strategy; however, the effectiveness of the major classes of high-risk site-specific systemic fungicides has been reduced due to the widespread prevalence of resistance, especially in Brazil. Biological control is seen as a highly important and sustainable strategy to minimize the impact of yield losses associated with wheat blast in areas where fungicides are ineffective. In our study, we specifically aimed to determine the biological control potential of the three isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas and three of Trichoderma as the antagonists of PoTl, both in in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, we aimed to describe the ultrastructural interactions among the biocontrol agents and the pathogen in vitro by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fluorescent P. wayambapalatensis ‘Amana’ or Pseudomonas sp. nov. ‘Yara’, both from the P. putida group, and Trichoderma koningiopsis ‘Cachara’ significantly reduced PoTl in vitro mycelial growth and the blast disease severity on wheat plants. The SEM analyses revealed ultrastructural antagonistic mechanisms: biofilm formation, direct antagonism and mycoparasitism. Further research on the topic should include the development of stable formulations of the Pseudomonas- and Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents selected in our study for managing the wheat blast disease and the field tests of the biofungicide formulations obtained thereafter

Potential of <i>Pseudomonas</i> and <i>Trichoderma</i> from the Brazilian Amazon as Biocontrol Agents against the Wheat Blast Disease

Blast is one of the most significant wheat diseases, causing high yield losses in susceptible varieties under favorable conditions in Latin America, Southeastern Asia and Eastern Africa. The disease is caused by the ascomycetous fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl). Chemical control with fungicides has been used as a management strategy; however, the effectiveness of the major classes of high-risk site-specific systemic fungicides has been reduced due to the widespread prevalence of resistance, especially in Brazil. Biological control is seen as a highly important and sustainable strategy to minimize the impact of yield losses associated with wheat blast in areas where fungicides are ineffective. In our study, we specifically aimed to determine the biological control potential of the three isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas and three of Trichoderma as the antagonists of PoTl, both in in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, we aimed to describe the ultrastructural interactions among the biocontrol agents and the pathogen in vitro by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fluorescent P. wayambapalatensis ‘Amana’ or Pseudomonas sp. nov. ‘Yara’, both from the P. putida group, and Trichoderma koningiopsis ‘Cachara’ significantly reduced PoTl in vitro mycelial growth and the blast disease severity on wheat plants. The SEM analyses revealed ultrastructural antagonistic mechanisms: biofilm formation, direct antagonism and mycoparasitism. Further research on the topic should include the development of stable formulations of the Pseudomonas- and Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents selected in our study for managing the wheat blast disease and the field tests of the biofungicide formulations obtained thereafter

Orientações TCC e Iniciação Científica

Trabalhos dos orientandos da Profa. Denny Thame e materiais para pesquisa de Direito da Informática, da Comunicação, Internacional e Ambiental

Resumos concluídos - Saúde Coletiva

Resumos concluídos - Saúde Coletiv

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN