A critical study of western views on Hadith with special reference to the views of James Robson and John Burton

The present thesis is a critical examination of the two well-known post-Schachtian scholars of Hadith; James Robson and John Burton. Both scholars are major contributors to modern Hadith studies in the West. It assesses their main arguments and their methodological approaches to Hadith literature. It also provides a historical survey of the key arguments and works of their predecessors since the rise of the modern Western debates over the reliability of Hadith materials. This critical study points to the conclusion that Robson and Burton were heavily influenced by the sceptical attitude of Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht towards the historicity of Hadith. However, Robson is inclined to accept some aspects of the Muslim traditional view regarding the genesis of Hadith and its isnad system (chain of transmitters). Burton, on the other hand, expresses a sceptical stance towards the historicity of Hadith and argues that the development of Hadith originated from the exegesis of the Qur’an, having no historical basis in the teachings of Prophet Muhammad

Exploiting One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks for Joint Channel Estimation and Signal Detection in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

الوصول المتعدد غير المتعامد (NOMA) هو تقنية واعدة للجيل الخامس و الاجيال المستقبلية من شبكات الاتصالات اللاسلكية ، مما يزيد من كفاءة الطيف ويقلل من زمن الوصول. ومع ذلك، يمكن أن يتأثر أداء NOMA بإلغاء التداخل المتتالي غير المثالي (SIC). تم اقتراح تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي للمساعدة في الكشف عن الإشارات وتقدير القنوات في أنظمة NOMA. في هذه الدراسة ، نقترح نهجًا جديدًا باستخدام الشبكات العصبية التلافيفية أحادية البعد (1D CNN) لمعالجة قيود المحددة لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي الحالية. على عكس طرق الذكاء الاصطناعي الأخرى التي تعتمد على تبعيات الوقت لتصنيف البيانات ، تستخدم 1D CNN طبقة التفاف أحادية البعد لاستخراج الميزات، مما يؤدي إلى موثوقية عالية. تظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن طريقتنا المقترحة تتفوق على تقنيات التعلم العميق الحالية من حيث معدل الخطأ في العينة (SER). علاوة على ذلك ، يؤدي تقليل معلمة البادئة الدورية (CP) إلى زيادة التداخل بين العينات (ISI) ، ولكن طريقتنا لا تزال تحقق تحسينًا بمقدار 6 ديسيبل على النهوج في (11،13) وتقنيات تقدير القنوات التقليدية مثل الاحتمال الأقصى (ML) عند إشارة منخفضة إلى- نسب الضوضاء (SNR).Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is a promising technology for the fifth and future generations of wireless communication networks, which increases spectral efficiency and reduces latency. However, NOMA performance can be affected by imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC). Deep learning techniques have been proposed to aid in signal detection and channel estimation in NOMA systems. In this study, we propose a new approach using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D CNN) to address the limitations of current deep learning methods. Unlike other deep learning methods that rely on time dependencies for data classification, 1D CNN uses a 1-dimensional convolution layer for feature extraction, resulting in high reliability. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing deep learning techniques in terms of sample error rate (SER) by 7dB. Moreover, reducing the cyclic prefix (CP) parameter increases inter-sample interference (ISI), but our method still achieves a 6 dB improvement over approaches in [11,13] and traditional channel estimation techniques like maximum likelihood (ML) at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR)

Virulence Factors in Streptococcus pneumonia and the Role of Complement C1q in the Immune Response

المكورات العقدية الرئوية Streptococcus pneumonia  هي بكتيريا إيجابية الغرام , تستعمر في الأسطح المخاطية من البلعوم الأنفي تعتبر من مسببات الأمراض الرئيسية لدى البشر, من الأمراض التي تسببها هي الالتهاب الرئوي والتهاب السحايا. تنتج هذه البكتريا العديد من عوامل الضراوة التي تشارك في ميكانيكيه الإصابة, ان المعركة بين المضيف البشري والممرض الجرثومي معقدة للغاية  اذ يحاول كل طرف التفوق على الآخر من أجل البقاء.  الجهاز المناعي الذاتي في الأنسان وخاصة نظام المتمم  complement system يعتبر خط الدفاع الأول ضد مسببات الأمراض الغازية. بصورة عامة تمتلك الممرضات عدد من الاستراتيجيات لمواجهة نظام المتمم  من أجل البقاء والاستمرار داخل المضيف, وأحد هذه المُمْرِضات هو المكورات الرئوية Streptococcus pneumonia التي تمتلك العديد من عوامل الضراوة تساعدها في أحداث الإصابة داخل جسم المضيف, مثل قابلية المكورات الرئوية على الالتصاق adhesions , تكوين المستعمرات  colonize, التي تعتبر العوامل الأساسية في أحداث الإصابة. تناقش هذه المراجعة الفعاليات البيولوجية ضد عوامل الضراوة للمكورات الرئوية, وتوضح الدور الرئيسي لجزيئة المتمم الأولى (( C1q التي تنشط ضد الإصابة خلال المسلك الكلاسيكي للمتمم .  Streptococcus pneumonia is a major pathogen in humans, and causes diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis. This bacterium produces many virulence factors that participate in the mechanics of injury. The battle between human host and bacterial pathogen is extremely complex. Each side tries to outpace the other in the race for survival. Particularly in the innate immune system in humans, the complementary immune system acts as the first line of defense against invading pathogens during the course of evolution, however, the pathogen has developed multiple strategies to counter the host complement system and colonization, for survival and sustainability within the host. One of these pathogens is Streptococcus (pneumococcus), which are Gram-positive bacterial pathogens that often coexist in the human respiratory system. Depending on the host's sensitivity, pneumococcus can transform into an infectious agent that spreads within the human host and causes diseases ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening diseases. This transition from the symbiont to the infectious agent is a very complex process and an understanding of this mechanism is essential in controlling pneumococcal disease. Using its complex arsenal of weapons such as surface adhesions as well as pneumococcal recruitment recruit the host's immune system. This review discusses the biological activity of several pneumococcal virulence agents and describes C1q, the first subunit of the classic complement pathway, and its role in antimicrobial reactions, as pneumococcus exploits C1q as a molecular bridge that facilitates the attachment of this bacterium to the cell surfaces of the host

Skull Stripping Based on the Segmentation Models

Skull image separation is one of the initial procedures used to detect brain abnormalities. In an MRI image of the brain, this process involves distinguishing the tissue that makes up the brain from the tissue that does not make up the brain. Even for experienced radiologists, separating the brain from the skull is a difficult task, and the accuracy of the results can vary quite a little from one individual to the next. Therefore, skull stripping in brain magnetic resonance volume has become increasingly popular due to the requirement for a dependable, accurate, and thorough method for processing brain datasets. Furthermore, skull stripping must be performed accurately for neuroimaging diagnostic systems since neither non-brain tissues nor the removal of brain sections can be addressed in the subsequent steps, resulting in an unfixed mistake during further analysis. Therefore, accurate skull stripping is necessary for neuroimaging diagnostic systems. This paper proposes a system based on deep learning and Image processing, an innovative method for converting a pre-trained model into another type of pre-trainer using pre-processing operations and the CLAHE filter as a critical phase. The global IBSR data set was used as a test and training set. For the system's efficacy, work was performed based on the principle of three dimensions and three sections of MR images and two-dimensional images, and the results were 99.9% accurate

Evaluation of Different Methods of Curing Bacterial Plasmids

تلعب البلازميدات دورا مهما في انتشار صفة مقاومة المضادات الحيوية بين السلالات البكترية والتي تشكل تهديدا  على الصحة العالمية. لذا اقتضت الضرورة ايجاد طرق ناجعة و كفيلة للحد من انتقال البلازميدات. تعتمد الطرق التقليدية لازالة البلازميد على تنمية السلالات البكترية في ظل ظروف غير ملائمة ، مثل ارتفاع درجة الحرارة أو إضافة عوامل أقحام تتداخل مع بنية تركيب الدنا اثناء تكرار البلازميد. هنالك أساليب أخرى تعتمد على ظاهرة عدم توافق البلازميد القائمة على مبدأ التنافس بين البلازميدات المتطابقة ولكنها تتطلب معرفة دقيقة بآلية تضاعف البلازميد المستهدف ، بالإضافة إلى المعالجة اللاحقة للبلازميد المسبب للتداخل . مع ظهور تقنية كريسبركاس9 التي هي محاكاة الدفاع البكتيري الطبيعي ضد المتسللين من البلازميد والعاثي، تم استثمار هذه التقنية لتكون اداه دقيقة لاستهداف اماكن متخصصة في الحمض النووي البلازميدي. في هذه المراجعة سنتناول اهم طرق الازالة والحذف للبلازميدات من الخلايا البكتيرية.Plasmids play an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains that pose a threat to global health. Traditional methods of curing plasmid rely on the development of bacterial strains under inappropriate conditions, such as high temperature or the addition of intruding agents that interfere with the structure of DNA synthesis during the replication of plasmids. Other methods rely on the phenomenon of plasmid compatibility based on the principle of competition between identical plasmids but require accurate knowledge of the mechanism of multiplying the target plasmid, in addition to the subsequent treatment of the interfering plasmid. With the advent of Crispras9, which simulates natural bacterial defense against plasmid and latex infiltrators, this technique has been used as an accurate tool for targeting places specializing in plasmid DNA. In this review, we will address the most important methods of removing and deleting plasmids from bacterial cells

Online Prostitution and Criminal Law After The Covid-19

With the outbreak of the Corona epidemic and quarantine, the whole world moved to live in the world of the Internet without prior warning, which made us witness the disintegration and lack of morals of society, especially by Tik Tok users. Internet-based activities have become a life necessity, the problem in this journal is how society views that modern phenomenon, how online prostitution can occur and prevent online prostitution, and efforts to prevent and mitigate the crime of prostitution through an online way that can be done through Penal efforts (criminal law) as well as non-criminal efforts (outside the scope of criminal law). From the discussion above problems there is something interesting to be researched and studied as a way to describe and analyze how the causes of prostitution in the online media and its prevention. this study aims to determine how the setting along with the legal view of the sanctions and the prevention of the crime of prostitution is done with the online media. This study uses normative research is secondary data, secondary data obtained in the form of legislation in force, can also be Previous studies Cases on apps and social media sites and others. Effect can be positive and negative. Based on this study it was found that the occurrence of cybercrime in which prostitutions can be run online, is looked one of the negative effects In positive law in force in Indonesia and Egypt, however until now there are very many online prostitution cases that occurred, according to the compilers of the case due to lack of traction on the rule of law and the lack of severity of the sanctions imposed on perpetrators. In conclusion, there are few ways in which our government need to act in order to maintain and give more legal certainty towards the case of online prostitution, and there is no better way than to revise the Law Number 21year 2007 about the Eradication of Human Trafficking crimes. The revised must be focused upon the articles that have a correlation towards the internet as the new tool that can be used by the pimps

Understanding the Role of Outsiders in Community-Based Development Interventions

This article analyzes various roles of development practitioners (called outsiders) in five different cases of community-based development (CBD) in rural Iran. It provides a review of the literature on CBD and identifies three main types of roles fulfilled by outsiders to support indigenous development processes. These include preparing the ground, activating community-based organizations as participatory institutions, and taking on the role of brokers who bridge the gap between the local community and outside institutions—especially the state and market. From the analysis of empirical qualitative data collected during fieldwork in Iran, the article concludes that while the roles played by the outsiders in CBD interventions there correspond mostly to those identified in the literature, there are differences in their strategies of intervention and activities under each role which correspond with their contextual contingencies. Recognizing this variation is needed to deepen the understanding of CBD practices and help practitioners think about alternative perspectives and approache

WDM for Multi-user Indoor VLC Systems with SCM

A system that employs wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in conjunction with subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) tones is proposed to realize high data rate multi-user indoor visible light communication (VLC). The SCM tones, which are unmodulated signals, are used to identify each light unit, to find the optimum light unit for each user and to calculate the level of the co-channel interference (CCI). WDM is utilized to attain a high data rate for each user. In this paper, multicolour (four colours) laser diodes (LDs) are utilized as sources of lighting and data communication. One of the WDM colours is used to convey the SCM tones at the beginning of the connection to set up the connection among receivers and light units (to find the optimum light unit for each user). To evaluate the performance of our VLC system, we propose two types of receivers: an array of non-imaging receivers (NI-R) and an array of non-imaging angle diversity receivers (NI-ADR). In this paper, we consider the effects of diffuse reflections, CCI and mobility on the system performance

Prevalence of <em>Brucella</em> spp. in milk from aborted and non-aborted animals in Dhamar governorate, Yemen

Brucella infection in animals is considered a great problem in most countries of the world. Our study designed to determine the prevalence of brucella in field animal’s milk in Dhamar governorate, Yemen. Total of 808 raw milk samples from non-aborted field animals, 120 milk samples from aborted animals, and 30 pasteurized milk samples were teste by Milk-Ring Test (MRT), milk-ELISA test, isolation and identification of brucella species, and antibiotic susceptibility. The prevalence of brucella in milk samples from field animals was 0.8%, 2.6%, and 2% in cows, sheep, and goat milk samples respectively with MRT, and 0.8%, 1.3% and 1.6% in cows, sheep and goat milk samples respectively with the milk- ELISA test. The prevalence rate in milk samples from aborted animals was 33%, 64% and 41.2% with the MRT and 39%, 49%, and 41.2% in cows, sheep and goats respectively with the milk-ELISA test. All pasteurized milk samples were negative for the milk-ELISA test. The result of isolation showed 0.1% of Brucella in milk samples from field animals while 9.2% from aborted animals. All isolates of Brucella species were sensitivities to rifampicin, doxycycline, kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, while resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and novobiocin. In conclusion, the high prevalence of milk brucella especially in aborted animals needs focusing and build controlling strategies plans to decrease the losses to the economy and avoid transferred to humans with unpasteurized milk consumption