Investigating the Relationship between the Soul and Body from the Point of View of the Iranian Thinkers (Mulla Sadra, Javadi Amoli and Tabatabai)

زمینه و هدف: رابطه نفس و بدن از جمله مباحث بحث‌برانگیز در علم نفس‌شناسی بین اندیشمندان بوده و هست. عقیده ملاصدرا با بسیاری از اصول مشائین هم‌راستا می‌باشد. وی در مقوله رابطه نفس و بدن اصولی را تدوین نمود، با عناوین: اصالت وجود، تشکیک وجود، حرکت جوهری، ترکیب اتحادی ماده و صورت و وحدت نفس و قوا. ملاصدرا رابطه نفس و بدن را با اصول ذکرشده اثبات می‌کند. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش بر اساس مطالعه کتابخانه ای و از نوع تحلیلی- توصیفی است. یافته ها: . فلسفه ملاصدرا بر اصل «وجود» و تمایز آن از «ماهیت» استوار است. مسأله وجود برای همه افراد با علم حضوری و ادراک شخصی قابل استنباط و دریافت می‌باشد، آنچه تفاوت‌ها را به وجود می‌آورد، ماهیت و ذات می‌باشد، همه رویدادها در اصل مشترک هستند که «وجود» نامیده می‌شود و در خصوصیات متفاوت هستند که «ماهیت» نامیده می‌شود. با این توصیف، وجود قطعاً حقیقی و ماهیت قطعاً نسبی می‌باشد. جوادی آملی معتقد است حقیقت وجود یکی است، اگر این حقیقت با نشانی آشکار یا پنهان نمایان شود، گستره کثرت کنار می‌رود. علامه طباطبایی بر این باور است که نفس، امری وجودی است که فی‌نفسه هم با بدن اتحاد دارد و هم استقلال، به گونه‌ای که انسان از لحظه به وجودآمدن صورت‌های گوناگونی را می‌پذیرد و حیاتی دارد که با شعور و اراده خودش می‌تواند در امور متفاوت دخل و تصرف داشته باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: این سه اندیشمند معتقدند، ارتباط بین نفس و بدن ارتباطی واحد و پیوسته است که اتحاد بینشان را نشان می‌دهد.Background and Aim: The relationship between soul and body is one of the controversial topics in the science of self-knowledge among thinkers. Mulla Sadra’s belief is aligned with many of the principles of the Peripatetics. In the category of the relationship between soul and body, he appointed some principles with the titles: the originality of existence, hesitation in existence, scattered motion, the combination of matter and form and the unity of soul and power. Materials and Methods: This study is based on a descriptive-analytic library study. Findings: Mulla Sadra proves the relationship between soul and body with the above principles. Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is based on the principle of "existence" and its distinction from "nature". The question of "existence" is understandable for all with the knowledge by presence and personal perception and it’s "nature" and "existence" that makes difference, the existence is certainly real and nature is definitely relative. Javadi Amoli believes that the truth of existence is unique. If this fact is reveal by the clear or hidden address, reduces the number of options. Tabatabai believes that the soul is an existential matter that having alliance with body besides having independency, somehow that human from the moment of the creation accept various forms and having a life that participate in with intelligence and will. Conclusion: it is deduced These three thinkers believes that the relationship between soul and body is unit and continuous that shows their union.   Please cite this article as: Rajabnejad MR, Majidi A. Investigating the Relationship between the Soul and Body from the Point of View of the Iranian Thinkers (Mulla Sadra, Javadi Amoli and Tabatabai). Med Hist J 2020; 11(41): 23-32

Drag coefficient of a rising bubble in a shear-thinning fluid using the power-law scheme coupled with a Cahn-Hilliard equation with a variable mobility: A lattice Boltzmann study and comparison with experiment

This study aims to investigate the behavior of multicomponent fluid flows consisting of Newtonian and non-Newtonian components, especially terminal velocity of a rising bubble in a power-law fluid. A recent lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is extended using power-law scheme to be able to simulate both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows at high density and viscosity ratios. Also, a variable mobility is introduced in this study to minimize the unphysical error around small bubbles in the domain. A three-component fluid flow system is examined using a constant and variable mobility. It is shown that each component has more stability using variable mobility while constant mobility causes interface dissipation, leading to mass loss gradually. In addition, two test cases including power-law fluid flows driven between two parallel plates are conducted to show the accuracy and capability of the model. To find a grid-independent computational domain, a grid independency test is carried out to show that a 200*400 domain size is suitable for our computations. Then, terminal velocity of a rising bubble is compared to an existing correlation in the literature, indicating that the results are in good agreement with existing study so that average relative error in six different cases is 5.66 %. Also, the simulated examples show good conformity to experimental results over a range of the Reynolds and Eotvos numbers

Effect of oral vitamin C on atrial fibrillation development after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: A prospective randomized clinical trial

Background: Some evidences have shown the role of antioxidant vitamins in preventing atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. We sought to determine the effect of oral vitamin C on the incidence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing elective isolated on-pump CABG surgery. Methods: One-hundred patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery were prospectively assigned into two groups: Group 1 — 50 patients received 2 g of oral vitamin C before and 500 mg twice daily lasting for 5 days after surgery; Group 2 — 50 patients as the control group did not receive any. All patients were continuously monitored after surgery in the intensive careunit (ICU), and then Holter monitoring was implemented for 72 h. Results: The mean of patients’ age was 61.31 ± 6.42 years. Postoperative AF occurred in 16 and 4 patients in control and treatment groups, respectively (32% vs. 8%, p = 0.003). The ICU stay was 1.79 ± 0.313 and 2.10 ± 0.61 days for vitamin C and control groups, respectively (p = 0.002). The hospital stay was significantly lower in vitamin C group compared with that of the control group (5.32 ± 0.59 vs. 5.74 ± 1.30 days, respectively, p = 0.041). Baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 1.030, 95% CI 1.003–1.058, p = 0.030) and taking vitamin C (OR 8.068, 95% CI 1.783–36.517, p = 0.007) were the independent predictors of postoperative AF. Conclusions: Oral vitamin C can be safely used to decrease the incidence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing elective isolated on-pump CABG surgery.

RS-Based MIMO-NOMA Systems in Multicast Framework

This chapter presents a novel scheme that integrates the rate-splitting (RS) technique in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to improve performance and capacity in wireless communication systems under imperfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and in overloaded regimes. The proposed approach addresses a general and realistic scenario, incorporating both unicast and multicast users, aiming to increase system throughput through the optimization of precoding vectors and power allocation. A generic power allocation optimization technique is introduced, which can be employed for maximizing both the minimum-rate and sum-rate, focusing on the rate of the weakest user within each group per cluster. To tackle the non-convex nature of the problems, the proposed technique leverages the WMMSE-rate relationship and an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm, transforming the problem into a convex one. The chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the proposed scheme, offering a tutorial background and presenting novel insights for an enhanced understanding

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is a diagnostic challenge: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and unpredictable demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While MS is mostly known for muscle weakness, numbness, and pain, but fatigue is the most common complaint of this condition. Despite this fact, MS related fatigue is one of the most misunderstood symptoms. Methods: A non-interventional study of 100 individuals was conducted in the MS clinic, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Patients were divided into groups with and without complaints of fatigue. The course of the disease was determined for all patients. To quantify fatigue, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) was used. Furthermore, mood disorders, pain, disability, nocturia, insomnia, and spasticity were evaluated among the patients. Results: Overall, fatigue was diagnosed in 61 through 100 patients. Depression was reported in 23 patients of whom 19 had fatigue (P=0.015). 40 patients showed anxiety 33 of which had fatigue (P>0.001). 53 patients of whom reported to have pain (76 patients) showed fatigue (P=0.001). Insomnia was reported in 27 patients, where 21 of them had fatigue (P=0.036). Nocturia was reported in 10 patients, of whom 9 had fatigue (P=0.047). Spasticity was detected in 9 patients, all of whom had fatigue (P=0.012). Conclusion: There are several factors directly and indirectly associated with fatigue that are either fatigue-induced, caused by fatigue, or showing a two-way relationship with it. Understanding these links and attempting to reduce them will improve the quality of life for these patients

Evaluation of Flavonoid Derivative and Doxorubicin Effects in Lung Cancer Cells (A549) Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry Method

Purpose: Electrochemical measurements have prompted the progress as a consequence of their affectability, cost-affectivity and comparatively short examination time. The aim of this study was the fast evaluation of the effect of chemotherapy compounds on the viability of lung cancer cells (A549) via electrochemical methods. Methods: Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used as a primary method to distinguish between electrochemical behavior of normal and lung cancer cells. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed as a complementary analyses method for the impact of doxorubicin (DOX) and Flavonoid modified drug (FMD) (US patent Application number: 62548886) on Lung cancer cells. Results: Only one oxidative peak, at approximately -0.15 V was detected through DPV method in cancer cell line. While a significant distinguish was not seen in CV. The current intensity (I) was decreased in cancer cells with increasing the DOX and FMD levels (t=99.027, α=0.05, P=0.0000), (t=135.513, α=0.05, P=0.0000), respectively. Conclusion: The movement of cancerous cells towards death through chemotherapy drugs such as DOX and FMD can make distinct and significant changes in the electrochemical behaviors of those cells

Multimorbidity as an important issue among women: results of gender difference investigation in a large population-based cross-sectional study in West Asia

Objectives: To investigate the impact of gender on multimorbidity in northern Iran. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of the Golestan cohort data. Setting: Golestan Province, Iran. Study population: 49 946 residents (age 40–75 years) of Golestan Province, Iran. Main outcome measures: Researchers collected data related to multimorbidity, defined as co-existence of two or more chronic diseases in an individual, at the beginning of a representative cohort study which recruited its participants from 2004 to 2008. The researchers utilised simple and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variances to examine the simultaneous effects of multiple factors. Results: Women had a 25.0% prevalence of multimorbidity, whereas men had a 13.4% prevalence (p<0.001). Women of all age-groups had a higher prevalence of multimorbidity. Of note, multimorbidity began at a lower age (40–49 years) in women (17.3%) compared with men (8.6%) of the same age (p<0.001). This study identified significant interactions between gender as well as socioeconomic status, ethnicity, physical activity, marital status, education level and smoking (p<0.01). Conclusion: Prevention and control of multimorbidity requires health promotion programmes to increase public awareness about the modifiable risk factors, particularly among women

Targeted Co-Delivery of Docetaxel and cMET siRNA for Treatment of Mucin1 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells

Purpose: Targeted treatment of breast cancer through combination of chemotherapeutic agents and siRNA had been drawing much attention in recent researches. This study was carried out to evaluate mucin1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles containing docetaxel and cMET siRNA on SKBR3 cells. Methods: Nano-drugs were characterized by transmission electron microscope, Zetasizer and loading efficiency calculation. siRNA entrapment onto nanoparticles, stability of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles and conjugation of mucin1 aptamer to nanoparticles were evaluated via separate electrophoresis. Cellular uptake of the targeted nanoparticles was evaluated through GFP-plasmid expression in mucin1+ SKBR3 vs. mucin1- CHO cells. Protein expression, cell viability and gene expression were assessed by Western Blotting, MTT assay, and Quantitative Real Time-PCR, respectively. Results: Characterization of nano-drugs represented the ideal size (110.5± 3.9 nm), zeta potential (11.6± 0.8 mV), and loading efficiency of 90.7% and 88.3% for siRNA and docetaxel, respectively. Different gel electrophoresis affirmed the conjugation of aptamers to nanoparticles and entrapment of siRNA onto nanoparticles. Increased cellular uptake of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles was confirmed by GFP expression. cMET gene silencing was confirmed by Western Blotting. The significant (p ≤0.0001) impact of combination targeted therapy vs. control on cell viability was shown. Results of Quantitative Real Time-PCR represented a remarkably decreased (p ≤0.0001) expression of the studied genes involving in tumorigenicity, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis (STAT3, IL8, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF) by targeted combination treatment vs. control. Conclusion: The mucin1 aptamer-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles, containing docetaxel and cMET siRNA, is suggested for treatment of mucin1+ metastatic breast cancer cells. However, further studies should be conducted on animal models

A family presenting with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: A case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B, a rare autosomal dominant syndrome, is characterized by early onset of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, marfanoid habitus and mucosal neuromas of the tongue, lips, inner cheeks and inner eyelids. Gangliomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract and its complications may also occur in patients with this disease.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present the case of a 16-year-old Persian man diagnosed as having a non-invasive form of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuroma of the tongue, lips and inner eyelids). Our patient, who had a positive family history of medullary thyroid cancer, was of normal height with no signs of marfanoid habitus.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Ophthalmological and oral manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B, as in the case of our patient, are rare presentations of the disease; unfortunately in the case of our patient his condition had not been noted and acted upon until he presented to our department. The diagnosis in our patient's case was made only after his mother presented with the same condition. As a result, we emphasize that physicians should pay more attention to the oral and ocular signs of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B in order to diagnose this fatal syndrome at an earlier phase.</p

Priority Setting for Improvement of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Iran

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Organized cervical screening and vaccination against human papilloma virus (HPV) have been successful interventions for prevention of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Because of cultural and religious considerations, ICC has low incidence in Iran and many other Muslim countries. There is no organized cervical screening in these countries. Therefore, ICC is usually diagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis in these countries. We performed a priority setting exercise and suggested priorities for prevention of ICC in this setting. Methods: We invited experts and researchers to a workshop and asked them to list important suggestions for ICC prevention in Iran. After merging similar items and removing the duplicates, we asked the experts to rank the list of suggested items. We used a strategy grid and Go-zone analysis to determine final list of priorities for ICC prevention in Iran. Results: From 26 final items suggested as priorities for prevention of ICC, the most important priorities were developing national guidelines for cervical screening and quality control protocol for patient follow-up and management of precancerous lesions. In addition, we emphasized considering insurance coverage for cervical screening, public awareness, and research priorities, and establishment of a cervical screening registry. Conclusion: A comprehensive approach and implementation of organized cervical screening program is necessary for prevention of ICC in Iran and other low incidence Muslim countries. Because of high cost for vaccination and low incidence of cervical cancer, we do not recommend HPV vaccination for the time being in Iran