STUDIES ON THE ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS AND DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING PHYSIC SEED HULL (Jatropha curcas L.)

In this work, the adsorption potential of physic seed hull (PSH), Jantropha curcas L. as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions (Zn2+ and Cd2+) and malachite green dye (MG) from aqueous solution has been investigated. The study also has been extended to investigate the effect of anionic surfactant (tetra sodium N-(1, 2dicarboxy ethyl)-Noctadecyl sulfosuccinamate), known as Aerosol 22, on these adsorption processes. The performance of the adsorbent PSH has also been compared with granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbent. The adsorbent, PSH was thoroughly characterized by SEM-EDX, BET, CHNS, Zeta potential measurement and FTIR studies. It has been observed that the adsorption of metal ions and dye increased with the increase in initial metal ions/dye concentration, contact time of adsorbent and adsorbate, temperature of adsorption, dosage of adsorbent and pH of the solution in an acidic range, but decreased with the increase in the particle size of PSH. Both PSH and GAC adsorbent exhibited better adsorption ability towards Zn2+ than Cd2+ from aqueous solution. But the adsorption capacity of PSH was found to the higher than that of GAC for both the metal ions and MG dye. Aerosol 22 was used during the adsorption process to provide the anionic functional group on the surface of PSH for supplying further adsorption site for metal ions. Addition of Aerosol 22 improved the adsorbing capacity of PSH for both the metal ions, but the effect was observed to be more for Zn2+. Again, it was further observed that at higher concentration of the surfactant there was a decrease in the adsorption of metal ions. It might be related to the formation of micelles that prevented the adsorption of metal ions. The adsorption process for both the metal ions and dye on PSH was found to be consists of three-staged process - a rapid initial adsorption of the metal ions initially, followed by a period of slower uptake of the metal ions and finally no significant uptake of the metal ions. The kinetics of metal ions adsorption process was therefore described by a pseudo-second order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in the three adsorption isotherms, e.g. Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm. The adsorption data fitted best to the Langmuir isotherm indicating the adsorption of metal ions and dye on PSH could be described as a monolayer chemisorption proces. The activating energy for the adsorption of metal ions and dye as calculated using from D-R Isotherm was found to be more than 16kJ/mol which is particle diffusion. The adsorption capacity of PSH was found to be comparable to that for other available adsorbents as cited in literatures. From the study it is evident that as an adsorbent, PSH has significant potential for usage in the separation of metal ions and dye from waste water

STUDIES ON THE ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IONS AND DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING PHYSIC SEED HULL (Jatropha curcas L.)

In this work, the adsorption potential of physic seed hull (PSH), Jantropha curcas L. as an adsorbent for the removal of metal ions (Zn2+ and Cd2+) and malachite green dye (MG) from aqueous solution has been investigated. The study also has been extended to investigate the effect of anionic surfactant (tetra sodium N-(1, 2dicarboxy ethyl)-Noctadecyl sulfosuccinamate), known as Aerosol 22, on these adsorption processes. The performance of the adsorbent PSH has also been compared with granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbent. The adsorbent, PSH was thoroughly characterized by SEM-EDX, BET, CHNS, Zeta potential measurement and FTIR studies. It has been observed that the adsorption of metal ions and dye increased with the increase in initial metal ions/dye concentration, contact time of adsorbent and adsorbate, temperature of adsorption, dosage of adsorbent and pH of the solution in an acidic range, but decreased with the increase in the particle size of PSH. Both PSH and GAC adsorbent exhibited better adsorption ability towards Zn2+ than Cd2+ from aqueous solution. But the adsorption capacity of PSH was found to the higher than that of GAC for both the metal ions and MG dye. Aerosol 22 was used during the adsorption process to provide the anionic functional group on the surface of PSH for supplying further adsorption site for metal ions. Addition of Aerosol 22 improved the adsorbing capacity of PSH for both the metal ions, but the effect was observed to be more for Zn2+. Again, it was further observed that at higher concentration of the surfactant there was a decrease in the adsorption of metal ions. It might be related to the formation of micelles that prevented the adsorption of metal ions. The adsorption process for both the metal ions and dye on PSH was found to be consists of three-staged process - a rapid initial adsorption of the metal ions initially, followed by a period of slower uptake of the metal ions and finally no significant uptake of the metal ions. The kinetics of metal ions adsorption process was therefore described by a pseudo-second order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in the three adsorption isotherms, e.g. Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm. The adsorption data fitted best to the Langmuir isotherm indicating the adsorption of metal ions and dye on PSH could be described as a monolayer chemisorption proces. The activating energy for the adsorption of metal ions and dye as calculated using from D-R Isotherm was found to be more than 16kJ/mol which is particle diffusion. The adsorption capacity of PSH was found to be comparable to that for other available adsorbents as cited in literatures. From the study it is evident that as an adsorbent, PSH has significant potential for usage in the separation of metal ions and dye from waste water

SEMANGAT KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN YANG DIMEDIASI OLEH KOMITMEN ORGANISASI (Studi pada Perum Bulog Divre Papua dan Papua Barat)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh semangat kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan komitmen organisasi sebagai variabel mediasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kantor Badan Urusan Logistik Divisi Regional Papaua dan Papua Barat dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 120 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semangat kerja positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan, semangat kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasi, komitmen organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dan secara tidak langsung semangat kerja (X) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan (Y) melalui komitmen organisasi (Z) sebagai variabel mediasi. Kata Kunci: Semangat Kerja, Komitmen Organisasi, Kinerj

Adsorption Isotherm of Chromium (VI) into Zncl2 Impregnated Activated Carbon Derived by Jatropha Curcas Seed Hull

Hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic and should be removed from industrial wastewater before discharged into water resources. Adsorption by using activated carbon from biomass is an economic and conventional way on removing the heavy metal ions from wastewater. In this research, activated carbon is synthesized from Jatropha curcas L. seed hull through chemical activation with ZnCl2 and carbonized at 800 °C (JAC/ZnCl2). The activated carbon has been characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET and CHNS-O analyzer. Adsorption isotherms have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich models to determine its removal mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr (VI) metal ions onto JAC/ZnCl2 activated carbon is 25.189 mg/g and following Langmuir isotherm model which is monolayer adsorption

Peningkatan kecekapan elektrik sistem suria hibrid fotovoltan terma-termoelektrik (PVT-TE) oleh kesan termoelektrik

Sistem fotovoltan terma (PVT) menggunakan fotovoltan dan pengumpul haba suria untuk mendapatkan haba dan elektrik. Memandangkan kedua-dua haba dan elektrik boleh dijana dan digunakan secara serentak, sistem PVT mempunyai keluaran tenaga yang lebih besar bagi setiap unit luas daripada modul PV atau pengumpul haba suria kendiri. Pengumpul PVT berasaskan udara menggunakan udara sebagai medium pemindahan haba dan corak aliran memberi kesan kepada prestasi pengumpul. Uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menilai prestasi haba dan elektrik bagi pengumpul PVT berasaskan udara. Gabungan antara penjana termoelektrik (TE) dengan sistem PVT ialah cara yang inovatif untuk meningkatkan lagi penukaran tenaga suria dan meningkatkan kuasa elektrik. Selain mengurangkan suhu permukaan sel PV, kecerunan terma yang disebabkan oleh haba yang dijana dalam modul PV boleh menjana elektrik kerana kesan Seebeck oleh modul TE. Di samping itu, gabungan kedua-dua sistem mempunyai potensi untuk meningkatkan prestasi disebabkan oleh kesan tambahan kedua-dua sistem. Penjana termoelektrik dapat menggunakan sisa haba sistem suria untuk mencipta tenaga tambahan seterusnya meningkatkan jumlah keluaran kuasa dan kecekapan sistem hibrid PVT-TE. Kesan kadar alir jisim dan keamatan sinaran juga diselidik. Kajian dilakukan pada kadar alir jisim udara 0.009 kg/s, 0.021 kg/s, 0.039 kg/s, 0.069 kg/s dan 0.095 kg/s dan keamatan cahaya antara 455.64 W/m2 hingga 795.18 W/m2. Nilai ini digunakan dalam menghitung kecekapan terma dan elektrik bagi sistem PVT yang dicadangkan. Kuasa keluaran keseluruhan sistem PVT dibandingkan antara keadaan ‘dengan TE’ dan ‘tanpa TE’. Secara keseluruhannya, pertambahan kuasa keluaran bagi sistem PVT-TE adalah lebih tinggi berbanding sistem PVT sebanyak 32.59% hingga 55.93%

Immunofluorescence (IF) pattern, autoantigens of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and their clinical associations

and monocytes’ lysosomes. In general, c-ANCA is strongly associated with vasculitic disorders mainly in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis (AASV). p-ANCA have been identified in several diseases such as primary (AASV) and secondary vasculitis such as collagen vascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases given the term ‘ANCA-associated disease.’ The objective of this study was to determine the rate of ANCA positivity by indirect immunofluorescent (IF) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its association with AASV and ANCA associated diseases. Serum from patients with history suspicion of systemic vasculitis were tested for ANCA by IF. Those samples positive for ANCA by IF were further tested for antibodies against myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) using the ELISA. Clinical data from medical records were obtained and analyzed. Of 468 samples, a total of 110 were positive for ANCA by IF. IF results showed a p-ANCA pattern in 96 patients and c-ANCA in 14. Of 110 IF positive ANCA, 45 patients were positive by ELISA. Seventeen were positive for MPO-ANCA, 9 were PR3-ANCA positive and 19 were both MPO and PR3 positive. Only 2 patients were classified AASV ie Wegener granulomatosis and the other with microscopic polyangiitis. The remaining patients (n = 108) may be classified as ANCA associated diseases. Our study showed that p- ANCA (87.3%) was the more common ANCA pattern and 40.9% of IF positive samples were positive for PR3- and MPOANCA

Madrasah Principal's Strategy in Improving Student Recruitment Results at State Aliyah Madrasas

The purpose of this study was to find out 1) the strategy used to improve student recruitment results at MAN 1 Mojokerto and 2) the evaluation carried out by the head of the madrasa in the student recruitment strategy at MAN 1 Mojokerto. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method, namely describing, explaining, and disclosing the results of research on student recruitment using a case study approach. The techniques used in data collection are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the strategies used by the head of the madrasa in recruiting new students were of five types, namely: 1) Conducting socialization and promotion 2) Opening the 2 Year SKS program 3) Opening the Religious Excellence program (MA PK) 4) Conducting a selection test 5 ) Opens two registration paths. Meanwhile, after carrying out student recruitment activities, the evaluation carried out by the madrasah was to increase the procurement of facilities and infrastructure so that they could accommodate more students

Carbon Derived from Jatropha Seed Hull as a Potential Green Adsorbent for Cadmium (II) Removal from Wastewater

Carbon from jatropha seed hull (JC) was prepared to study the adsorption of cadmium ions (Cd2+) from aqueous solutions under various experimental conditions. Batch equilibrium methods have been used to study the influences of the initial metal ion concentration (0.5–50 ppm), dosage (0.2–1 g), contact time (0–300 min), pH (2–7), and temperature (26–60 °C) on adsorption behavior. It has been found that the amount of cadmium adsorbed increases with the initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH, contact time, and amount of adsorbent. A kinetic study proved that the mechanism of Cd2+ adsorption on JC followed a three steps process, confirmed by an intraparticle diffusion model: rapid adsorption of metal ions, a transition phase, and nearly flat plateau section. The experimental results also showed that the Cd2+ adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were used to describe the experimental data, with the former exhibiting a better correlation coefficient than the latter (R2 = 0.999). The monolayer adsorption capacity of JC has been compared with the capacities of the other reported agriculturally-based adsorbents. It has been clearly demonstrated that this agricultural waste generated by the biofuel industry can be considered a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cd2+ from industrial effluents

Overview of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

In recent years, biodiesel has attracted significant attention from researchers, governments, and industries as a renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic fuel. However, several feedstocks have been proven impractical or infeasible because of their extremely high cost due to their usage primarily as food resources. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is considered the most promising biodiesel feedstock despite its drawbacks, such as its high free fatty acid (FFA) and water contents. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pre-treatment and the usage of WCO for the production of biodiesel using several methods, different types of reactors, and various types and amounts of alcohol and catalysts. The most common process in the production of biodiesel is transesterification, and using a methanol–ethanol mixture will combine the advantages of both alcohols in biodiesel production. In addition, this paper highlights the purification and analysis of the produced biodiesel, operating parameters that highly affect the biodiesel yield, and several economic studies. This review suggests that WCO is a promising feedstock in biodiesel production

A Comprehensive Study on Starch Nanoparticle Potential as a Reinforcing Material in Bioplastic

Starch can be found in the stems, roots, fruits, and seeds of plants such as sweet potato, cassava, corn, potato, and many more. In addition to its original form, starch can be modified by reducing its size. Starch nanoparticles have a small size and large active surface area, making them suitable for use as fillers or as a reinforcing material in bioplastics. The aim of reinforcing material is to improve the characteristics of bioplastics. This literature study aims to provide in-depth information on the potential use of starch nanoparticles as a reinforcing material in bioplastic packaging. This study also reviews starch size reduction methods including acid hydrolysis, nanoprecipitation, milling, and others; characteristics of the nano-starch particle; and methods to produce bioplastic and its characteristics. The use of starch nanoparticles as a reinforcing material can increase tensile strength, reduce water vapor and oxygen permeability, and increase the biodegradability of bioplastics. However, the use of starch nanoparticles as a reinforcing material for bioplastic packaging still encounters obstacles in its commercialization efforts, due to high production costs and ineffectiveness