Long-Term Follow-Up of Cadaveric Breast Augmentation: What Can We Learn?

Breast augmentation with cadaveric fat graft has long been available to patients in Eastern European countries, primarily in the Soviet Union and Eastern Germany. Most such procedures were performed from the 1970s to the 1990s. Although only a few case reports have been published, all of which involved complications that appeared several years after the procedure, it appears that, surprisingly, this nonvascularized and incompatible immunologic tissue is relatively well tolerated. We present the case of a 45-year-old Russian woman who underwent breast explantation, due to breast hardness and pain, 15 years after breast augmentation with cadaveric fat grafting. Through genetic studies, we confirmed that the host and the graft were HLA incompatible. Moreover, results of analyses excluded the possibility of an acute or chronic immunologic rejection by the host. We suppose that the early complications that often occur in such cases might result from a nonspecific, inflammatory reaction induced by acute tissue ischemia and necrosis, and the late local complications that occur years later may relate more to chronic inflammation, due to nonvascularized tissue, than to immunologic rejection. Therefore, we propose that different mechanisms may explain how this allogenic fat tissue could have been tolerated by the patient's immune system. We particularly underline the immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells, which are abundant in adipose tissues. This characteristic of fat tissue should be investigated further to assess its potential in treating autoimmune diseases or reducing the likelihood of allograft rejections. Level of Evidence 5 Ris

Liver Trauma During Combined Liposuction and Abdominoplasty: A Rare but Potentially Lethal Complication

Liposuction is a well-established procedure that is generally safe. However, rare complications can occur. The authors report on a 38-year-old woman who underwent combined abdominoplasty and liposuction at a private clinic. Four hours after the procedure, severe hypovolemic shock developed and required emergency transfer to a tertiary-care center. After primary fluid resuscitation, abdominal ultrasonography and computerized tomography revealed severe right-sided liver trauma, with active bleeding and free intra-abdominal fluid. Two attempts at right hepatic artery embolization failed to fully control the bleeding, and surgical hemostasis was required. After a 2-week hospitalization, the patient was discharged, and she returned to work 3 months later. Although it appears that this is the first reported case of liver trauma during liposuction, this potential complication should be kept in mind and identified early to permit efficient and effective management. Level of Evidence 5 Ris

Formation of β-cyclodextrin complexes in an anhydrous environment

The formation of inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin was studied at the melting temperature of guest compounds by differential scanning calorimetry. The complexes of long-chain n-alkanes, polyaromatics, and organic acids were investigated by calorimetry and IR spectroscopy. The complexation ratio of β-cyclodextrin was compared with results obtained in an aqueous environment. The stability and structure of inclusion complexes with various stoichiometries were estimated by quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics calculations. Comparison of experimental and theoretical results confirmed the possible formation of multiple inclusion complexes with guest molecules capable of forming hydrogen bonds. This finding gives new insight into the mechanism of formation of host–guest complexes and shows that hydrophobic interactions play a secondary role in this case. [Figure: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00894-016-3061-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

The role of reactive oxygen species in mesenchymal stem cell adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation : a review

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The multipotent stem cell component of MSC isolates is able to differentiate into derivatives of the mesodermal lineage including adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Many common pathways have been described in the regulation of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. However, stimulation of osteogenesis appears to suppress adipogenesis and vice-versa. Increasing evidence implicates a tight regulation of these processes by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are short-lived oxygen-containing molecules that display high chemical reactivity toward DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Mitochondrial complexes I and III, and the NADPH oxidase isoform NOX4 are major sources of ROS production during MSC differentiation. ROS are thought to interact with several pathways that affect the transcription machinery required for MSC differentiation including the Wnt, Hedgehog, and FOXO signaling cascades. On the other hand, elevated levels of ROS, defined as oxidative stress, lead to arrest of the MSC cell cycle and apoptosis. Tightly regulated levels of ROS are therefore critical for MSC terminal differentiation, although the precise sources, localization, levels and the exact species of ROS implicated remain to be determined. This review provides a detailed overview of the influence of ROS on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in MSCs.Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) (grant #310030-120751). South African Medical Research Council in terms of the MRC’s Flagships Awards Project SAMRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013/STEM CELLS.Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) (grant #310030-120751) and the South African Medical Research Council in terms of the MRC’s Flagships Awards Project SAMRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013/STEM CELLS.http://www.liebertpub.com/overview/stem-cells-and-development/125hb2016Immunolog

BERT on a Data Diet: Finding Important Examples by Gradient-Based Pruning

Current pre-trained language models rely on large datasets for achieving state-of-the-art performance. However, past research has shown that not all examples in a dataset are equally important during training. In fact, it is sometimes possible to prune a considerable fraction of the training set while maintaining the test performance. Established on standard vision benchmarks, two gradient-based scoring metrics for finding important examples are GraNd and its estimated version, EL2N. In this work, we employ these two metrics for the first time in NLP. We demonstrate that these metrics need to be computed after at least one epoch of fine-tuning and they are not reliable in early steps. Furthermore, we show that by pruning a small portion of the examples with the highest GraNd/EL2N scores, we can not only preserve the test accuracy, but also surpass it. This paper details adjustments and implementation choices which enable GraNd and EL2N to be applied to NLP.Comment: ENLSP @ NeurIPS202

Cancer/Testis genes in relation to sperm biology and function

Cancer testis antigens (CTAs), a large family of tumor-associated and immunogenic antigens expressed in human tumors of various histological origins, are highly restricted to the testis and trophoblast. CTAs have been identified as potent targets for tumor-specific immunotherapeutic advances and have immensely lead to the development of different clinical trials of CTA-based vaccine therapy because of their resilient in vivo immunogenicity and tumor-restricted expression pattern. Bladder cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and melanoma are grouped as high CT gene expressors. Prostate and breast cancer as moderate, and colon and renal cancers are considered as low CT gene expressors. Large percentages of these identified CT genes are expressed during spermatogenesis but their function is still vaguely unknown. Researchers have taken a keen interest in CT genes as pertaining to their role in tumor growth and spermatogenesis. Testis has many similarities with cancerous tissues like cell division, immigration, and immortalization. The aim is to give a concise in-depth review on the role of some specific CT genes in spermatogenesis

Microcomputed Tomography Technique for In Vivo Three-Dimensional Fat Tissue Volume Evaluation After Polymer Injection

Tissue engineering technologies are new and promising techniques in fat tissue reconstruction. However, to assess their efficacy before any clinical application, in vivo experiments are mandatory. This study assesses whether microcomputed tomography (CT) scan imaging is suitable to analyze in vivo the behavior of injected engineered polymer and changes in fat tissue. The volume of mice inguinal fat pads and the resorption rate of different polymers were analyzed by CT scan for up to 3 months. Different biomaterials were used, including our innovative microspheres loaded with oleic acid. We were able to follow in vivo the polymer and the fat volume of the same animals during a long-term follow-up of 90 days. Semiautomatic three-dimensional quantification allowed to determine the fat volume enhancement after injection, as well as the resorption rate of our product compared to other biomaterials (i.e., polylactic and hyaluronic acid) until 90 days. Our results demonstrate the encouraging proof-of-principle evidence for the application of micro-CT scan technology to follow in vivo biodegradable polymers in a fat tissue engineering approach. This noninvasive technique offers the advantages of the long-term follow-up of fat tissue and synthetic materials in the same animals, which allows both a scientific evaluation of the measurements and the reduction of the number of animals used in in vivo protocols in accordance with the 3 R principles governing the use of animals in science

Fate of systemically and locally administered adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and their effect on wound healing

There is increasing interest in the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) for wound repair. As the fate of administered cells is still poorly defined, we aimed to establish the location, survival, and effect of ASCs when administered either systemically or locally during wound repair under physiological conditions. To determine the behavior of ASCs, a rat model with wounds on the dorsal aspect of the hind paws was used and two treatment modes were assessed: ASCs administered systemically into the tail vein or locally around the wound. ASCs were transduced to express both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and green fluorescent protein to enable tracking by bioluminescence imaging and immunohistological analysis. Systemically administered ASCs were detected in the lungs 3 hours after injection with a decrease in luminescent signal at 48 hours and signal disappearance from 72 hours. No ASCs were detected in the wound. Locally administered ASCs remained strongly detectable for 7 days at the injection site and became distributed within the wound bed as early as 24 hours post injection with a significant increase observed at 72 hours. Systemically administered ASCs were filtered out in the lungs, whereas ASCs administered locally remained and survived not only at the injection site but were also detected within the wound bed. Both treatments led to enhanced wound closure. It appears that systemically administered ASCs have the potential to enhance wound repair distally from their site of entrapment in the lungs whereas locally administered ASCs enhanced wound repair as they became redistributed within the wound bed.The Swiss National Science Foundation Project (#310030_170132), Medical Faculty of University of Geneva, the South African Medical Research Council University Flagship Program (SAMRC-RFA-UFSP-01-2013/STEM CELLS), the SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, and the Institute for Cellular and MolecularMedicine (ICMM) of the University of Pretoria. The Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique (FNSNF) and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva for contributing to the funding in Geneva and the South African Medical Research Council (Flagship and Extramural Unit awards), the National Research Foundation (Scarce Skills Doctoral Scholarship, Grant UID: 88799), Ernst & Ethel Eriksen Trust (Doctoral Scholarship), University of Pretoria Bursary Office (Postgraduate Bursary), and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM) of the University of Pretoria for contributing to the funding in South Africa.https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21576580am2020Immunolog