Metallocenium Ionic Liquids

正常造血と貧血4学

SPRINTING SPEED OF ELITE SPRINTERS AT THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS

The purpose of this study was to analyze the sprinting speed of the sprinters during the men's 100 m events at the IAAF World Championships (WC) in order to provide important information to track and field coaches and athletes. Sprinting speed of the sprinters was collected by using laser guns (Laveg Sport, Jenoptik, Germany) during the World Championships in Daegu 2011. Then, data from Osaka 2007 WC and Berline 2009 WC were included in the analysis. The findings indicated that a reduction of a sprinter’s maximum speed is correlated with their performance time (

SPRINTING CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN’S 100 METER FINALS AT THE IAAF WORLD CHAMPIONSHOPS DAEGU 2011

This study analyzed the sprinting characteristics of the finalists during the women's 100 m event in the IAAF World Championships Daegu 2011 in order to provide important information to track and field coaches and athletes. Five high speed cameras (Casio, Japan) with a sampling frequency of 300 Hz were used to calculate the number of steps, step length, and stride frequency of the eight sprinters in the women’s final event. There was a tendency to show a better performance time with a high number of steps (p=0.13) and shorter stride length (p=0.14) among the eight sprinters. Furthermore, stride frequency and performance time were negatively correlated as a higher stride frequency had a positive impact on performance time (p=0.02). Based on the relationship between COM velocity and lower extremity joint angles, the 4 top ranked sprinters showed the different strategies to maintain a high COM velocity during the mid portion of the race

Life-Course Monitoring of Endogenous Phytohormone Levels under Field Conditions Reveals Diversity of Physiological States among Barley Accessions

Agronomically important traits often develop during the later stages of crop growth as consequences of various plant–environment interactions. Therefore, the temporal physiological states that change and accumulate during the crop’s life course can significantly affect the eventual phenotypic differences in agronomic traits among crop varieties. Thus, to improve productivity, it is important to elucidate the associations between temporal physiological responses during the growth of different crop varieties and their agronomic traits. However, data representing the dynamics and diversity of physiological states in plants grown under field conditions are sparse. In this study, we quantified the endogenous levels of five phytohormones — auxin, cytokinins (CKs), ABA, jasmonate and salicylic acid — in the leaves of eight diverse barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions grown under field conditions sampled weekly over their life course to assess the ongoing fluctuations in hormone levels in the different accessions under field growth conditions. Notably, we observed enormous changes over time in the development-related plant hormones, such as auxin and CKs. Using 3′ RNA-seq-based transcriptome data from the same samples, we investigated the expression of barley genes orthologous to known hormone-related genes of Arabidopsis throughout the life course. These data illustrated the dynamics and diversity of the physiological states of these field-grown barley accessions. Together, our findings provide new insights into plant–environment interactions, highlighting that there is cultivar diversity in physiological responses during growth under field conditions

Gene cassette knock-in in mammalian cells and zygotes by enhanced MMEJ

Background: Although CRISPR/Cas enables one-step gene cassette knock-in, assembling targeting vectors containing long homology arms is a laborious process for high-throughput knock-in. We recently developed the CRISPR/Cas-based precise integration into the target chromosome (PITCh) system for a gene cassette knock-in without long homology arms mediated by microhomology-mediated end-joining. Results: Here, we identified exonuclease 1 (Exo1) as an enhancer for PITCh in human cells. By combining the Exo1 and PITCh-directed donor vectors, we achieved convenient one-step knock-in of gene cassettes and floxed allele both in human cells and mouse zygotes. Conclusions: Our results provide a technical platform for high-throughput knock-in

Genetic Elucidation for Response of Flowering Time to Ambient Temperatures in Asian Rice Cultivars

Climate resilience of crops is critical for global food security. Understanding the genetic basis of plant responses to ambient environmental changes is key to developing resilient crops. To detect genetic factors that set flowering time according to seasonal temperature conditions, we evaluated differences of flowering time over years by using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from japonica rice cultivars "Koshihikari" x "Khao Nam Jen", each with different robustness of flowering time to environmental fluctuations. The difference of flowering times in 9 years' field tests was large in "Khao Nam Jen" (36.7 days) but small in "Koshihikari" (9.9 days). Part of this difference was explained by two QTLs. A CSSL with a "Khao Nam Jen" segment on chromosome 11 showed 28.0 days' difference; this QTL would encode a novel flowering-time gene. Another CSSL with a segment from "Khao Nam Jen" in the region around Hd16 on chromosome 3 showed 23.4 days" difference. A near-isogenic line (NIL) for Hd16 showed 21.6 days' difference, suggesting Hd16 as a candidate for this QTL. RNA-seq analysis showed differential expression of several flowering-time genes between early and late flowering seasons. Low-temperature treatment at panicle initiation stage significantly delayed flowering in the CSSL and NIL compared with "Koshihikari". Our results unravel the molecular control of flowering time under ambient temperature fluctuations

BdWRKY38 is required for the incompatible interaction of Brachypodium distachyon with the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani is a soil‐borne necrotrophic fungus that causes sheath blight in grasses. The basal resistance of compatible interactions between R. solani and rice is known to be modulated by some WRKY transcription factors (TFs). However, genes and defense responses involved in incompatible interaction with R. solani remain unexplored, because no such interactions are known in any host plants. Recently, we demonstrated that Bd3‐1, an accession of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, is resistant to R. solani and, upon inoculation with the fungus, undergoes rapid induction of genes responsive to the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) that encode the WRKY TFs BdWRKY38 and BdWRKY44. Here, we show that endogenous SA and these WRKY TFs positively regulate this accession‐specific R. solani resistance. In contrast to a susceptible accession (Bd21), the infection process in the resistant accessions Bd3‐1 and Tek‐3 was suppressed at early stages before the development of fungal biomass and infection machinery. A comparative transcriptome analysis during pathogen infection revealed that putative WRKY‐dependent defense genes were induced faster in the resistant accessions than in Bd21. A gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis based on the transcriptome dataset demonstrated that BdWRKY38 was a GRN hub connected to many target genes specifically in resistant accessions, whereas BdWRKY44 was shared in the GRNs of all three accessions. Moreover, overexpression of BdWRKY38 increased R. solani resistance in Bd21. Our findings demonstrate that these resistant accessions can activate an incompatible host response to R. solani, and BdWRKY38 regulates this response by mediating SA signaling

カンゴ ケイ ダイガクセイ ノ ケンコウ ド ト セイカツ シュウカン ノ ジッタイ

背景 人々のライフサイクルにおける青年期は, 体格や体力が最も充実し疾患が発症しにくいため日常生活に乱れが生じやすくなる時期でもある. これまでの研究では, 青年期である学生の日常生活と健康状態に関する研究は多く報告されている. しかし, 看護系大学生を対象にした健康状態と生活習慣を調査した研究は少ない. 目的 看護系大学生の健康度と生活習慣の実態を明らかにすることを目的とした. 方法 2011年7月中旬から12月, A大学看護学部の1年生に, 健康度・生活習慣診断検査 (DIHAL2) 及び, 独自に作成した基本属性調査用紙を用いた自己記入式質問紙調査を実施した. 結果・考察 対象看護系大学生の運動面における生活習慣では, 運動意識がやや低い傾向, 食事面及び休息面における生活習慣ではもう少し (中間位) の傾向, 嗜好品面における生活習慣では非常に優れている傾向がみられた. また健康度・生活習慣パターン判定 (総合判定) では, 健康度生活習慣要注意型46.4%, 健康度生活習慣充実型24.6%, 健康度要注意型15.9%, 生活習慣要注意型13.0%であった. 今回対象とした看護系学生は, 健康度及び生活習慣共に望ましくない者が過半数弱を占めていた. これは, 大学生には健康度生活習慣要注意型が最も多いという先行研究で述べられている結果と同傾向であり, 日常生活にみだれが生じやすくなる青年期の特徴と同傾向であった. 結論 A大学看護学部1年生69名の健康度と生活習慣の実態を検討したところ, 健康度及び生活習慣共に望ましくない健康度生活習慣要注意型が最も多くみられ, 大学生の結果に共通すると共に青年期の特徴と同傾向であることが明らかになった.Background The adolescent period is the one during which we can fulfill our physical potential, making us less likely to fall ill. This is also a period, however, during which our lifestyle tend to be irregular by placing too much confidence in it. Objective/Methods In order to clarify the actual health and lifestyle of nursing students, students completed a revised version of the Diagnostic Inventory of Health and Lifestyle (DIHAL2). Result/Discussion Results indicated that the respondents had lifestyles that substantially ignored exercise; however, their lifestyles did emphasize diet and rest (somewhat) and they markedly moderated use of alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and other drugs. In addition, ascertaining health and lifestyle patterns (determined overall) indicated that 46.4% of respondents had risky health and lifestyle behaviors, 24.6% had adequate health and lifestyle behaviors, 15.9% had risky health behaviors, and 13.0% had risky lifestyle behaviors. Almost a majority of the nursing students who responded to this survey had risky health and lifestyle behaviors. This trend coincides with results of previous studies indicating that college students most often have risky health and lifestyle behaviors. The same trend is a sign of adolescence, when everyday routines are most readily disrupted.Conclusions We need to advise students to become conscious of the importance of their own health and lifestyle for fulfilling nursing jobs in the days ahea