Comparison of diagnostic names of mental illnesses in medical documents before and after the adoption of a new Japanese translation of 'schizophrenia'

Aim: The name of a disease entered in medical documents often differs from the true diagnosis in psychiatric practice. We examined the effects of different translations of 'schizophrenia' into Japanese on the usage of disease names in documents. Methods: We conducted a retrospective survey of the names of diseases used in the medical documents of 250 outpatients with schizophrenia or depression. These patients had attended our department of psychiatry between 1998 and 2000. We also investigated the names of the diseases of 226 outpatients who had first visited our department between 2003 and 2007. We defined the diagnosis (based on ICD-10) as the 'ICD-10 disease name' and the name of the disease written in medical documents as the 'disease name in documents'. We classified the documents that were used to apply for national psychiatric care and welfare services as 'official documents' and those submitted to others as 'private documents'. Results: Prior to 2000, the term 'seishin-bunretsu-byo' ('split-mind disease'; old translation of 'schizophrenia') was used in 72.3% of official documents and 3.6% of private documents. In 2003 and later, the term 'togo-shitcho-sho' ('integration disorder'; new translation of 'schizophrenia') was used in 98.0% of official documents and 21.7% of private documents. Conclusion: The use of 'togo-shitcho-sho' in official documents has become established. On the other hand, terms such as 'nervous breakdown' and 'depressive state' are still commonly used in private documents after the adoption of the new Japanese translation of schizophrenia.ArticlePSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES. 65(1):89-94 (2011)journal articl

SNP- and haplotype-based genome-wide association studies for growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in a Duroc multigenerational population

Average linkage disequilibrium coefficient (r2) values plotted against intermarker distance for all autosomal chromosomes. (PDF 407 kb

Transcriptionally linked simultaneous overexpression of P450 genes for broad-spectrum herbicide resistance

雑草が獲得した最強の除草剤抵抗性メカニズムの解明 --解毒酵素の一斉活性化--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-06-14.Broad-spectrum herbicide resistance (BSHR), often linked to weeds with metabolism-based herbicide resistance, poses a threat to food production. Past studies have revealed that overexpression of catalytically promiscuous enzymes explains BSHR in some weeds; however, the mechanism of BSHR expression remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of high-level resistance to diclofop-methyl in BSHR late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) found in the United States, which cannot be solely explained by the overexpression of promiscuous cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CYP81A12/21. The BSHR late watergrass line rapidly produced 2 distinct hydroxylated diclofop acids, only 1 of which was the major metabolite produced by CYP81A12/21. RNA-seq and subsequent reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based segregation screening identified the transcriptionally linked overexpression of a gene, CYP709C69, with CYP81A12/21 in the BSHR line. The gene conferred diclofop-methyl resistance in plants and produced another hydroxylated diclofop acid in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Unlike CYP81A12/21, CYP709C69 showed no other herbicide-metabolizing function except for a presumed clomazone-activating function. The overexpression of the 3 herbicide-metabolizing genes was also identified in another BSHR late watergrass in Japan, suggesting a convergence of BSHR evolution at the molecular level. Synteny analysis of the P450 genes implied that they are located at mutually independent loci, which supports the idea that a single trans-element regulates the 3 genes. We propose that transcriptionally linked simultaneous overexpression of herbicide-metabolizing genes enhances and broadens the metabolic resistance in weeds. The convergence of the complex mechanism in BSHR late watergrass from 2 countries suggests that BSHR evolved through co-opting a conserved gene regulatory system in late watergrass

Interspecific hybridization in Lonicera caerulea and Lonicera gracilipes: The occurrence of green/albino plants by reciprocal crossing

Lonicera caerulea L. var. emphyllocalyx (Maxim.) Nakai is a berry crop cultivated in cold regions. So far, commercial cultivars have been mainly introduced from selection of wild plants. Therefore, fruit traits and other agricultural characteristics have been limited. In this study, interspecific crosses between L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx and Lonicera gracilipes var. glabra Miquel were examined to increase genetic variability of L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx. Seedlings were obtained from reciprocal crosses between L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx and L. gracilipes var. glabra. The hybrid nature of seedlings was confirmed with random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Viable green plants were obtained efficiently from L. gracilipes var. glabra×L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx. In contrast, all plants produced from L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx×L. gracilipes var. glabra were albino. These albino plants were very weak and only survived in culture condition. The chlorophyll deficiency was unilaterally observed, suggesting the occurrence of nuclear–cytoplasmic incompatibility. Viable F1 hybrids obtained from L. gracilipes var. glabra×L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx are amphidiploid (2n=4x = 36) as showing same to both parents. The hybrid plants are expected to increase the variability of fruit traits, and may have heat tolerance from L. gracilipes var. glabra

Interploid and intraploid hybridizations to produce polyploid Haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) plants

We produced polyploid Haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) plants by performing interploid and intraploid crosses of wild accessions. Embryo rescue in a tetraploid (4x) × diploid (2x) cross produced triploid plants; reciprocal 2x × 4x cross failed to produce viable seeds. Intraploidy crosses of 4x × 4x produced mostly tetraploids but also several hexaploid (6x) and octoploid (8x) plants. Using hexaploids obtained from this cross, we examined reciprocal 4x–6x crosses and found that both produced pentaploid plants. An octoploid was produced by applying colchicine to a tetraploid; a 4x × 8x cross using this plant and aided by embryo rescue culture produced three hexaploid plants, with an aneuploid number of chromosomes. Several plants obtained in this study flowered and set fruits. We discuss the overall efficiency of producing polyploid plants in interploid and intraploid crosses

Ploidy distribution and DNA content variations of Lonicera caerulea (Caprifoliaceae) in Japan

Ploidy level and geographical distribution were investigated in Japanese Lonicera caerulea L. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the presence of DNA diploid and DNA tetraploid plants in Japan. Chromosome observation confirmed that diploid and tetraploid plants showed 2n = 2x = 18 and 2n = 4x = 36, respectively. The DNA diploid populations were found only in lowland mires, Betsukai, Bekanbeushi, Kushiro and Kiritappu located in eastern Hokkaido. On the other hand, DNA tetraploid populations were distributed in a wide area of Hokkaido, and mainland of Japan. The habitats of DNA tetraploid plants were lowland to alpine region. The DNA content measurement with flow cytometry revealed significant differences in the relative DNA contents among DNA tetraploid populations. The relative DNA content within DNA tetraploid populations varied 1.157-fold at maximum, and might correlate with altitude indicating that DNA contents were smaller as altitude increases. The wide area of distribution in various environments of DNA tetraploid plants suggested the adaptability of the tetraploid plants. Although diploid and tetraploid populations were found, no triploid was detected, indicating crossing difficulty between diploid and tetraploid as confirmed by crossing experiment

In vitro culture of endosperm and its application in plant breeding: Approaches to polyploidy breeding

This review article provides an overview of plant regeneration from endosperm to produce polyploid plants. We discuss the endosperm-ploidy levels and its applications in plant breeding. Representative cases of successful endosperm culture and prospects of endosperm culture are described. In the first part of the review, i.e., the background of endosperm culture, we discuss the importance of triploid plants, meaning plants derived from the endosperm of diploid plants. A brief history of endosperm culture is also provided, and a description of plant regeneration systems from the endosperm is given. The influence of culture medium on callus induction and regeneration is indicated. Finally, prospects for endosperm culture are proposed, and novel approaches for polyploidy breeding using endosperm culture are described

Plant regeneration with maintenance of the endosperm ploidy level by endosperm culture in Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx

An endosperm culture of Haskap (Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx) was established to develop polyploid plants and investigate the regeneration ability of the endosperm. Based on histological analysis of embryo and endosperm development, endosperms at the globular to early torpedo-stages of developing embryos were used to initiate an endosperm culture. Formation of shoot primordia was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (1962) containing benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Shoot primordium formation was confirmed in some genotypes with regeneration frequencies ranging between 1.9% to 10.0%. These proliferated on 1/2 MS medium containing 2.89 μM gibberellic acid (GA3), and then elongated and rooted on MS medium containing 0.44 μM BA and 2.89 μM GA3. These shoots developed into plantlets on 1/2 MS medium. Plantlets maintained ploidy of the endosperm following flow cytometric analysis, thus confirming that these were derived from the endosperm. These results indicated that endosperms were capable of regeneration