The Civil War Writings of a Literary Colonel : Review of The Complete Civil War Journals and Selected Letters of Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Edited by Christopher Looby

Higginson came to his military career as a man of letters, as well as a militant abolitionist. Before the war, he had earned a reputation as an antislavery lecturer and written pieces for the Atlantic Monthly and other journals on topics including natural history, masculine health, and slave insurrections. He took a hiatus from writing for publication during his tenure with the First South Carolina; to do otherwise, he believed, would be a sort of profaning this experience & mixing incompatible lives . But he kept a journal of his wartime experiences, which he began editing and mining for articles in the Atlantic almost immediately after his return to civilian life. These articles, in turn, formed the nucleus of Army Life in a Black Regimen~ a book originally published in 1870 that has become a classic owing to Higginson\u27s vivid descriptions of people and landscapes, his sympathetic depictions of the former slaves he encountered in his regimental camps and on the plantations along the South Carolina coast, and his keen ear for spoken and sung language (especially the ex-slaves\u27 Gullah speech). Reprinted in many different editions over the years, Army Life in a Black Regiment is a powerful narrative and a valuable resource for students of abolitionism, slavery and emancipation, black soldiers in the Civil War, and African American culture in the nineteenth century

Ferromagnetic behavior of decamethylchromocenium tetracyanoethenide, [CrCp*2][TCNE]

Journal ArticleStudies on the magnetic properties of decamethylchromocenium tetracyanoethanide, [CrCp*2][TCNE] are reported herein. Near-zero field (H= 150 mG) data indicates a ferromagnetic transition with T(c)=3.65 K. The temperature dependence below T(c) can be fit to a mean-field result M=M(o)(1 - T(o))(1/2), and the data above T(c) gives a critical exponent y= 1.2 for the dc magnetic susceptibility. Data at higher temperature indicates a strong 1-D ferromagnetic behavior. Magnetizations at different H and T at low temperature can be scaled to a universal function with M=f(H/T(3.2). The reduction in T(c) in [CrCp(*2)][TCNE] compared with [FeCp(*2)][TCNE] indicates a competition between the coupling constants and the residing spins

Proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times of (N(CH3)3)H)(I)(TCNQ)

Journal ArticleProton spin-lattice T(1) and spin-spin T(2) relaxation times are reported for (N(CH(3))(3)H)(I)(TCNQ) in the temperature range 150 to 5OOK. The overall relaxation process of the system can be described by contributions from rotation of the N(CH3)3H+ group about its symmetry axis, tumbling of that group, and the scalar and dipole interactions of the protons with the unpaired electron. Rotation of the trimethylammonium group leads to a minimum in T(1) at 21OoK, while tumbling gives rise to another minimum at 340°K. The activation energies for the two processes are 0.064 and 0.11 eV, respectively. The overall reorientation of the N(CH(3))3,H+ group, therefore, appears to dominate the T(1) process below 400°K. No direct evidence is observed in the NMR data for the reversible transition seen in the conductivity and ESR data at 16O(o)K, however, it does appear that such a transition may influence the N(CH(3))(3),H+ reorientations leading to smaller activation energies for the reorientation processes

Historical Reconstruction of Population Density of the Echinoid Diadema antillarum on Florida Keys Shallow Bank-Barrier Reefs

The 1983–1984 caribbean-wide mass mortality of the once ubiquitous long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845, is one of several factors considered responsible for coral reef change throughout the region. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of pre-mortality event density data for D. antillarum in the Florida Keys, making it difficult to determine pre-1983 population density levels. results from surveys conducted during 1970–1973 in the lower Florida Keys, in shallow (\u3c12 m) fore reef habitats, yielded relatively abundant and widespread D. antillarum densities in qualitative transects at five reefs prior to the 1983–1984 die-off. In quantitative surveys at one reef, Middle sambo reef in 1972, up to 7.9 individuals m–2 were recorded using quadrats in high-relief spur and groove habitat. A second mortality event in the Florida Keys, beginning in April 1991, again depressed urchin densities that had begun to recover from the 1983–1984 mass mortality. By 1992, D. antillarum densities (\u3c0.01 m–2) were two orders of magnitude lower than pre-die-off estimates (range of 0.07–0.57 m–2 from several spur and groove reefs in the lower Florida Keys) and remained so through 2009. The pre-mortality echinoid density estimates detailed in the Florida Keys provide a baseline to compare with their current population status and should help inform managers about realistic recovery or restoration targets for D. antillarum

Florida Keys Population Abundance Estimates for Nine Coral Species Proposed for Listing Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

This report presents abundance and size-class distribution estimates for nine coral species in the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas, all of which are proposed for listing or reclassification under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). The lack of population data for these species was highlighted as a deficiency in the ESA Review Process by the Biological Review Team (BRT) in their Status Review (Brainard et al. 2011) and also by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Federal Register 2012). Field sampling protocols were adapted from Aronson et al. (1994) and the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment program (Kramer and Lang 2003) to measure population-level metrics of scleractinian corals, with population data analyses following Smith et al. (2011). The data in this report are based on focused surveys for Acropora corals in the Florida Keys during 2005, 2007, and 2012; and for all scleractinian coral species during 2005, 2009, and 2012; and for all coral species in the Dry Tortugas for 2006 and 2008. Colony density within belt transects and size measurements were obtained for each species present. Statistical estimation procedures for population abundance metrics – means (e.g. coral density) and totals (e.g. coral abundance) – for a two-stage stratified random sampling design were adapted from Cochran (1977), and computations were carried out using SAS statistical software. Domain-wide estimates are presented in this report

Landing and catalytic characterization of individual nanoparticles on electrode surfaces

We demonstrate a novel and versatile pipet-based approach to study the landing of individual nanoparticles (NPs) on various electrode materials without any need for encapsulation or fabrication of complex substrate electrode structures, providing great flexibility with respect to electrode materials. Because of the small electrode area defined by the pipet dimensions, the background current is low, allowing for the detection of minute current signals with good time resolution. This approach was used to characterize the potential-dependent activity of Au NPs and to measure the catalytic activity of a single NP on a TEM grid, combining electrochemical and physical characterization at the single NP level for the first time. Such measurements open up the possibility of studying the relation between the size, structure and activity of catalyst particles unambiguously

Atom chips on direct bonded copper substrates

We present the use of direct bonded copper (DBC) for the straightforward fabrication of high power atom chips. Atom chips using DBC have several benefits: excellent copper/substrate adhesion, high purity, thick (> 100 microns) copper layers, high substrate thermal conductivity, high aspect ratio wires, the potential for rapid (< 8 hr) fabrication, and three dimensional atom chip structures. Two mask options for DBC atom chip fabrication are presented, as well as two methods for etching wire patterns into the copper layer. The wire aspect ratio that optimizes the magnetic field gradient as a function of power dissipation is determined to be 0.84:1 (height:width). The optimal wire thickness as a function of magnetic trapping height is also determined. A test chip, able to support 100 A of current for 2 s without failing, is used to determine the thermal impedance of the DBC. An assembly using two DBC atom chips to provide magnetic confinement is also shown.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Heat generation in an elastic binder system with embedded discrete energetic particles due to high-frequency, periodic mechanical excitation

High-frequency mechanical excitation can induce heating within energetic materials and may lead to advances in explosives detection and defeat. In order to examine the nature of this mechanically induced heating, samples of an elastic binder (Sylgard 184) were embedded with inert and energetic particles placed in a fixed spatial pattern and were subsequently excited with an ultrasonic transducer at discrete frequencies from 100 kHz to 20 MHz. The temperature and velocity responses of the sample surfaces suggest that heating due to frictional effects occurred near the particles at excitation frequencies near the transducer resonance of 215 kHz. An analytical solution involving a heat point source was used to estimate heating rates and temperatures at the particle locations in this frequency region. Heating located near the sample surface at frequencies near and above 1 MHz was attributed to viscoelastic effects related to the surface motion of the samples. At elevated excitation parameters near the transducer resonance frequency, embedded particles of ammonium perchlorate and cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine were driven to chemical decomposition