Kinematics of the bow arm of violinists: effect of tempo, string played and play style and their interactions

8th World Congress of Biomechanics, DUBLIN, IRELANDE, 08-/07/2018 - 12/07/2018Bowed string musicians are especially at risk of upper limb injuries (Cayea and Manchester, 1998). While a few risk factors were identified, no causal relations could be found (Baadjou et al., 2016), highlighting the need for biomechanical investigations. Among the music parameters impacting violinists' biomechanics, the tempo, string played and play style have been investigated (Visentin and Shan, 2003; Berque and Gray, 2002). However, interactions between these parameters are not clear. Their knowledge could help defining relevant experimental research plans. The objective was to assess the interactions of the tempo, string played and play style on the bow arm biomechanic

Complexe d'épaule dans un contexte d'analyse tridimentionnel - Modélisation et mise en garde

L'épaule est un complexe articulaire formé par le thorax, la clavicule, la scapula et l'humérus. Alors que les orientation et position de ces derniers la rendent difficile à étudier, la compréhension approfondie de l'interrelation de ces segments demeure cliniquement importante. Ainsi, un nouveau modèle du membre supérieur est développé et présenté. La cinématique articulaire de 15 sujets sains est collectée et reconstruite à l'aide du modèle. Celle-ci s'avère être généralement moins variable et plus facilement interprétable que le modèle de référence. Parallèlement, l'utilisation de simplifications, issues de la 2D, sur le calcul d'amplitude de mouvement en 3D est critiquée. Cependant, des cas d'exception où ces simplifications s'appliquent sont dégagés et prouvés. Ainsi, ils sont une éventuelle avenue d'amélioration supplémentaire des modèles sans compromission de leur validé.The shoulder is an articulated complex composed of the thorax, clavicle, scapula and humerus. While the relative orientation and position of the segments makes an in-depth study of the shoulder difficult, understanding the interaction between the segments remains clinically important. Thus, a new model of the upper limb is proposed. Joint kinematics of 15 subjects were collected and reconstructed using the model, and were found to be less variable and easier to interpret when compared to the reference model. Meanwhile, simplifications involving the use of 2D analysis to calculate range of motion in 3D are criticized. Exceptions where these simplifications apply, were however, shown. Thus, such simplifications can be applied to models in certain situations without compromising the models validity

Maximal amplitude postures of the scapula : simulations with the Anybody software

8th World Congress of Biomechanics, DUBLIN, IRELANDE, 08-/07/2018 - 12/07/2018Scapular dyskinesis is often associated to shoulder joint injuries. However, as stated by Kibler (2003), 'no specific pattern of dyskinesis is associated with a specific shoulder diagnosis'. To better understand the pathomechanisms associated to scapular dyskinesis, the effect of scapular position and orientation still need to be investigated

Do Muscle Synergies Improve Optimization Prediction of Muscle Activations During Gait?

[Abstract]: Determination of muscle forces during motion can help to understand motor control, assess pathological movement, diagnose neuromuscular disorders, or estimate joint loads. Difficulty of in vivo measurement made computational analysis become a common alternative in which, as several muscles serve each degree of freedom, the muscle redundancy problem must be solved. Unlike static optimization (SO), synergy optimization (SynO) couples muscle activations across all time frames, thereby altering estimated muscle co-contraction. This study explores whether the use of a muscle synergy structure within an SO framework improves prediction of muscle activations during walking. A motion/force/electromyography (EMG) gait analysis was performed on five healthy subjects. A musculoskeletal model of the right leg actuated by 43 Hill-type muscles was scaled to each subject and used to calculate joint moments, muscle–tendon kinematics, and moment arms. Muscle activations were then estimated using SynO with two to six synergies and traditional SO, and these estimates were compared with EMG measurements. Synergy optimization neither improved SO prediction of experimental activation patterns nor provided SO exact matching of joint moments. Finally, synergy analysis was performed on SO estimated activations, being found that the reconstructed activations produced poor matching of experimental activations and joint moments. As conclusion, it can be said that, although SynO did not improve prediction of muscle activations during gait, its reduced dimensional control space could be beneficial for applications such as functional electrical stimulation or motion control and prediction.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; PGC2018-095145-B-I0

Erratum to: Smoking, Porphyromonas gingivalis and the immune response to citrullinated autoantigens before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis in a Southern European nested case–control study

No abstract available

Evaluating Evidence for Association of Human Bladder Cancer with Drinking-Water Chlorination Disinfection By-Products

Exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (CxDBPs) is prevalent in populations using chlorination-based methods to disinfect public water supplies. Multifaceted research has been directed for decades to identify, characterize, and understand the toxicology of these compounds, control and minimize their formation, and conduct epidemiologic studies related to exposure. Urinary bladder cancer has been the health risk most consistently associated with CxDBPs in epidemiologic studies. An international workshop was held to (1) discuss the qualitative strengths and limitations that inform the association between bladder cancer and CxDBPs in the context of possible causation, (2) identify knowledge gaps for this topic in relation to chlorine/chloramine-based disinfection practice(s) in the United States, and (3) assess the evidence for informing risk management. Epidemiological evidence linking exposures to CxDBPs in drinking water to human bladder cancer risk provides insight into causality. However, because of imprecise, inaccurate, or incomplete estimation of CxDBPs levels in epidemiologic studies, translation from hazard identification directly to risk management and regulatory policy for CxDBPs can be challenging. Quantitative risk estimates derived from toxicological risk assessment for CxDBPs currently cannot be reconciled with those from epidemiologic studies, notwithstanding the complexities involved, making regulatory interpretation difficult. Evidence presented here has both strengths and limitations that require additional studies to resolve and improve the understanding of exposure response relationships. Replication of epidemiologic findings in independent populations with further elaboration of exposure assessment is needed to strengthen the knowledge base needed to better inform effective regulatory approaches