Natürliche Arten, Wahrheit und der Raum der Gründe

Ich möchte eine Konzeption für zumindest eine Reihe von Termen für natürliche Arten vorschlagen, die drei Elemente miteinander verbindet: Sie soll eine gewisse Bedeutungskonstanz dieser Terme über wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Entwicklungen hinweg implizieren; sie soll diese Konstanz auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, die es erlaubt, den Gehalt der Terme als Resultat diskursiver Prozesse (und nicht als etwas durch die Natur selbst strikt Festgelegtes) zu verstehen; und sie soll auf schwer einlösbare Konzepte wie das „idealer rationaler Akzeptierbarkeit“ verzichten. Die Semantik der Terme für natürliche Arten ist u.a. deshalb wichtig, weil sie in einer engen Beziehung zum erkenntnistheoretischen Problem des Realismus und Antirealismus und zum Konzept der Wahrheit steht. Die hier skizzierte Auffassung erlaubt eine substantielle Unterscheidung zwischen Wahrheit und gerechtfertigter Überzeugung und ist insofern realistisch. Für den hier verteidigten Wahrheitsbegriff spielen in gewisser Hinsicht metaphysische Konzepte wie die der Determination von Bedeutungen „durch die Natur selbst“ oder der idealen rationalen Akzeptierbarkeit keine Rolle. Wichtig sind nur in wirklichen Diskursen diskutierbare Gründe. Von daher liegt es nahe, von einem „diskursiven Realismus“ zu sprechen. Ich knüpfe dabei an eine ganze Reihe von Motiven an, die sich vor allem in Hilary Putnams Denken, z.T. aber auch bei Kripke und Burge finden, gebe ihnen dann aber doch eine andere Formung. Nach einer knappen Skizze der Problemlage erinnere ich deshalb kurz an etablierte Positionen, um dann daran anknüpfend meinen eigenen Vorschlag zu entwickeln

Startup of a reactive distillation process with a decanter

The startup of a reactive distillation process for the production of propyl acetate including a decanter is studied. A simulation model is presented which describes the whole startup from a cold and empty state and takes into account the liquid phase split in the decanter. The simulation model is successfully validated with own dynamic experimental data. Different startup strategies are developed and analysed in simulation studies showing the high influence of the initial charging of decanter and reboiler on the startup time

Deterministic Real-Time Tree-Walking-Storage Automata

We study deterministic tree-walking-storage automata, which are finite-state devices equipped with a tree-like storage. These automata are generalized stack automata, where the linear stack storage is replaced by a non-linear tree-like stack. Therefore, tree-walking-storage automata have the ability to explore the interior of the tree storage without altering the contents, with the possible moves of the tree pointer corresponding to those of tree-walking automata. In addition, a tree-walking-storage automaton can append (push) non-existent descendants to a tree node and remove (pop) leaves from the tree. Here we are particularly considering the capacities of deterministic tree-walking-storage automata working in real time. It is shown that even the non-erasing variant can accept rather complicated unary languages as, for example, the language of words whose lengths are powers of two, or the language of words whose lengths are Fibonacci numbers. Comparing the computational capacities with automata from the classical automata hierarchy, we derive that the families of languages accepted by real-time deterministic (non-erasing) tree-walking-storage automata is located between the regular and the deterministic context-sensitive languages. There is a context-free language that is not accepted by any real-time deterministic tree-walking-storage automaton. On the other hand, these devices accept a unary language in non-erasing mode that cannot be accepted by any classical stack automaton, even in erasing mode and arbitrary time. Basic closure properties of the induced families of languages are shown. In particular, we consider Boolean operations (complementation, union, intersection) and AFL operations (union, intersection with regular languages, homomorphism, inverse homomorphism, concatenation, iteration). It turns out that the two families in question have the same properties and, in particular, share all but one of these closure properties with the important family of deterministic context-free languages.Comment: In Proceedings NCMA 2023, arXiv:2309.0733

The Krupp Sponge Iron Process Production and Utilisation of Metallized Materials

Next to ore, fuel is the important factor governing the cost of producing primary iron. In the blast furnace process, coke with special meta-llurgical properties is the basic source of heat. Its production requires the availability of coking coal. The direct reduction processes, conducted in rotary kilns, permit, however, the use of non-coking bituminous coal & anthracite and are capable of being fired with gas or oil if this appears to be appropriate

Soziale Ungleichheit in der beruflichen und betrieblichen Weiterbildung: Stand der Forschung und Forschungsbedarf

Die vorliegende Expertise "Soziale Ungleichheit in der beruflichen und betrieblichen Weiterbildung. Stand der Forschung und Forschungsbedarf" ist Teil einer Reihe von der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung in Auftrag gegebener Expertisen zu verschiedenen Bildungsbereichen an denen Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer im Laufe ihres Lebens partizipieren (können). Sie sind mit dem Ziel entstanden den Forschungsstand in dem jeweils untersuchten Bildungsfeld aufzuzeigen, wobei das zentrale Augenmerk auf Chancengleichheit bzw. Selektivität in den jeweiligen Bildungsbereichen im Hinblick auf soziale Schicht, Ethnizität und Migrationsgeschichte, Geschlecht und Alter gerichtet ist. Desweiteren sollen sie Handlungsoptionen für Forschung, Politik und pädagogische Praxis aufzeigen. Leitfragen der Expertisen sind: Wie ist der Stand der Forschung? Welche (Bildungs)Berichte gibt es in dem jeweiligen Bildungsbereich, die auf Chancengleichheit Bezug nehmen? Was sind die Kernaussagen bisheriger Studien im Hinblick auf soziale Ungleichheit? Welche Lösungen zum Abbau sozialer Ungleichheit werden in dem jeweiligen Bildungsbereich diskutiert? Weisen die Studien aus arbeitnehmerorientierter Perspektive Lücken auf? Welche Forschungsfragen und welche politischen und pädagogischen Handlungsperspektiven ergeben sich? Wie ist in den jeweiligen Bildungsbereichen Mitbestimmung/Partizipation umgesetzt und welche Möglichkeiten gibt es diese zu stärken

Relaxation of dynamically disordered tetragonal platelets in the relaxor ferroelectric 0.964Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3−0.036BaTiO30.964\mathrm{Na}_{1/2}\mathrm{Bi}_{1/2}\mathrm{TiO}_3-0.036\mathrm{BaTiO}_3

The local dynamics of the lead-free relaxor $0.964\mathrm{Na}_{1/2}\mathrm{Bi}_{1/2}\mathrm{TiO}_3-0.036\mathrm{BaTiO}_3$ (NBT-3.6BT) have been investigated by a combination of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. In a previous paper, we were able to show that the tetragonal platelets in the microstructure are crucial for understanding the dielectric properties of NBT-3.6BT [F. Pforr et al., Phys. Rev. B 94, 014105 (2016)]. To investigate their dynamics, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were carried out using $\mathrm{Na}_{1/2}\mathrm{Bi}_{1/2}\mathrm{TiO}_3$ with 001 cation order as a simple model system for the tetragonal platelets in NBT-3.6BT. Similarly, 111-ordered $\mathrm{Na}_{1/2}\mathrm{Bi}_{1/2}\mathrm{TiO}_3$ was used as a model for the rhombohedral matrix. The measured single crystal QENS spectra could be reproduced by a linear combination of calculated spectra. We find that the relaxational dynamics of NBT-3.6BT are concentrated in the tetragonal platelets. Chaotic stages, during which the local tilt order changes incessantly on the timescale of several picoseconds, cause the most significant contribution to the quasielastic intensity. They can be regarded as an excited state of tetragonal platelets, whose relaxation back into a quasistable state might explain the frequency dependence of the dielectric properties of NBT-3.6BT in the 100 GHz to THz range. This substantiates the assumption that the relaxor properties of NBT-3.6BT originate from the tetragonal platelets.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figure

A comment on the relation between diffraction and entropy

Diffraction methods are used to detect atomic order in solids. While uniquely ergodic systems with pure point diffraction have zero entropy, the relation between diffraction and entropy is not as straightforward in general. In particular, there exist families of homometric systems, which are systems sharing the same diffraction, with varying entropy. We summarise the present state of understanding by several characteristic examples.Comment: 7 page

survey report

This report describes the set-up, logistics and results of the MEXAGE (Mexican Aero-Geophysical Survey) survey. It gives a short overview about the scientific intentions, detailed documentation of all technical aspects starting from the survey equipment via the aircraft installation to the GPS stations set-up to the experiences in flight. The processing results for the individual profiles are briefly discussed.repor

AI-enhanced diagnosis of challenging lesions in breast MRI: a methodology and application primer

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have become an important tool in the assessment of breast tumors with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CAD systems can be used for the detection and diagnosis of breast tumors as a “second opinion” review complementing the radiologist’s review. CAD systems have many common parts such as image pre-processing, tumor feature extraction and data classification that are mostly based on machine learning (ML) techniques. In this review paper, we describe the application of ML-based CAD systems in MRI of the breast covering the detection of diagnostically challenging lesions such as non-mass enhancing (NME) lesions, multiparametric MRI, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radiomics all applied to NME. Since ML has been widely used in the medical imaging community, we provide an overview about the state-ofthe-art and novel techniques applied as classifiers to CAD systems. The differences in the CAD systems in MRI of the breast for several standard and novel applications for NME are explained in detail to provide important examples illustrating: (i) CAD for the detection and diagnosis, (ii) CAD in multi-parametric imaging (iii) CAD in NAC and (iv) breast cancer radiomics. We aim to provide a comparison between these CAD applications and to illustrate a global view on intelligent CAD systems based on ANN in MRI of the breast