7,115 research outputs found
Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalence Scales
German and United States data from the Luxembourg Income Study are used to compare the relative economic well-being of Germans and Americans in the 1980s. In our analysis we use both official equivalence scales and consumption-based country-specific equivalence scales developed for Germany and the United States by Merz et al. (1993). We verify previous studies that show that inequality and the incidence of poverty are greater in the United States than in Germany. Overall inequality and poverty levels are found not to be sensitive to the equivalence scale used. But the official German equivalence scales yields quite different results from those using all other scales with respect to the relative income and poverty levels of vulnerable groups within the population, especially older single people.alternative equivalence scale, Germany, USA, distribution of income, inequality, poverty
Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalence Scales
German and United States data from the Luxembourg Income Study are used to compare the relative economic well-being of Germans and Americans in the 1980s. In our analysis we use both official equivalence scales and consumption-based country-specific equivalence scales developed for Germany and the United States by Merz et al. (1993). We verify previous studies that show that inequality and the incidence of poverty are greater in the United States than in Germany. Overall inequality and poverty levels are found not to be sensitive to the equivalence scale used. But the official German equivalence scales yields quite different results from those using all other scales with respect to the relative income and poverty levels of vulnerable groups within the population, especially older single people.alternative equivalence scale, Germany, USA, distribution of income, inequality, poverty
Relative Inequality and Poverty in Germany and the United States Using Alternative Equivalence Scales
German and United States data from the Luxembourg Income Study are used to compare the relative economic well-being of Germans and Americans in the 1980s. In our analysis we use both official equivalence scales and consumption-based country-specific equivalence scales developed for Germany and the United States by Merz et al. (1993). We verify previous studies that show that inequality and the incidence of poverty are greater in the United States than in Germany. Overall inequality and poverty levels are found not to be sensitive to the equivalence scale used. But the official German equivalence scales yields quite different results from those using all other scales with respect to the relative income and poverty levels of vulnerable groups within the population, especially older single people.alternative equivalence scale, Germany, USA, distribution of income, inequality, poverty
Electronic structure of single-crystalline MgAlB probed by x-ray diffraction multipole refinements and polarization-dependent x-ray absorption spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction multipole refinements of single-crystalline
MgAlB and polarization-dependent near-edge x-ray absorption
fine structure at the B 1 edge reveal a strongly anisotropic electronic
structure. Comparing the data for superconducting compounds (, 1.0)
with those for the non-superconductor () gives direct evidence for a
rearrangement of the hybridizations of the boron bonds and underline the
importance of holes in the -bonded covalent states for the
superconducting properties of the diborides. The data indicate that Mg is
approximately divalent in MgB and suggest predominantly ionic bonds between
the Mg ions and the two-dimensional B rings. For AlB (), on the other
hand, about 1.5 electrons per Al atom are transferred to the B sheets while the
residual 1.5 electrons remain at the Al site which suggests significant
covalent bonding between the Al ions and the B sheets. This finding together
with the static electron deformation density points to almost equivalent
electron counts on B sheets of MgB and AlB\@, yet with a completely
different electron/hole distribution between the and bonds
Prediction Error of the Chain Ladder Reserving Method applied to Correlated Run-off Triangles
In Buchwalder et al. (2006) we revisited Mack's (1993) and Murphy's (1994) estimates for the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) of the chain ladder claims reserving method. This was done using a time series model for the chain ladder method. In this paper we extend the time series model to determine an estimate for the MSEP of a portfolio of N correlated run-off triangles. This estimate differs in the special case N = 2 from the estimate given by Braun (2004). We discuss the differences between the estimate
Two Scales, One Methodology - Expenditure Based Equivalence Scales for the United States and Germany
Choosing an appropriate equivalence scale is a prerequisite for comparisons of economic wellbeing income distribution, inequality or poverty. This is true for country specific work or for cross-national comparisons. Researchers generally either use a country specific equivalence scale (social assistance, expert based, or poverty scales), or adopt a single scale for all comparison across countries. Here we follow a different approach. We use microdata to estimate equivalence scales based on a revealed preference consumption approach for West Germany and the United States. We review several approaches and rely on a complete demand system approach, which provides constant utility based equivalence scales using an extended linear expenditure system (ELES). The multiple equation expenditure system takes into account a full market basket with all its interdependencies and relative prices. Our consumption-based equivalence results are compared to alternative consumption based measures, expert based measures, and subjective based measures in use in both countries and to other scales used for cross-national comparisons.alternative equivalence scale, Germany, USA, distribution of income, inequality, poverty
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