Monte Carlo Simulationen zur Untersuchung von Quell- und Sorptionsprozessen in Wyoming-Montmorillonit im Hinblick auf seine Verwendung als Barrierematerial in Endlagern für radioaktive Abfälle

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Aggregation of Alkyltrimethylammonium Ions at the Cleaved Muscovite Mica–Water Interface: A Monte Carlo Study

The precise molecular structure of organically modified mineral surfaces is still not well understood. To establish a relation between experimental observations and underlying molecular structure, we performed Monte Carlo simulations of the aggregation behavior of alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants (C_<i>n</i>TMA⁺) at the interface between C_<i>n</i>TMACl solution and cleaved K⁺-muscovite. The structures were examined with regard to the influence of varying alkyl chain length <i>n</i> (<i>n</i> = 8, 12, 16) and surface coverage of C_<i>n</i>TMA⁺ ions. The simulation results indicate that the water film structure at the muscovite surface is considerably influenced by the adsorption of C_<i>n</i>TMA⁺. A fraction of the C_<i>n</i>TMA⁺ ions forms inner-sphere and outer-sphere adsorption complexes with nitrogen–surface distances of 3.3–3.8 and 5.5–8.4 Å, respectively. The simulated monolayer aggregates exhibit thicknesses of 31–35, 22–27, and ∼18 Å for C₁₆TMA⁺, C₁₂TMA⁺, and C₈TMA⁺, respectively. C₁₆TMA⁺ and C₁₂TMA⁺ ions form bilayer aggregates, which show a strong interdigitation of the two opposing layers composing them. The aggregate thicknesses equal 35–39 and 30–35 Å, respectively, and are in agreement with available experimental data. In contrast, the short-chained C₈TMA⁺ ions do not form bilayer aggregates. In agreement with previous experimental studies, the alkyl chains of the aggregated ions show high conformational order markedly decreasing with decreasing chain length. We suggest that the simulated structures represent C_<i>n</i>TMA⁺ aggregates, which are formed on muscovite during the experimentally observed initial equilibration phase characterized by the presence of inorganic ions within the aggregates

Bentonite Alteration in Batch Reactor Experiments with and without Organic Supplements: Implications for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Bentonite is currently proposed as a potential backfill material for sealing high-level radioactive waste in underground repositories due to its low hydraulic conductivity, self-sealing ability and high adsorption capability. However, saline pore waters, high temperatures and the influence of microbes may cause mineralogical changes and affect the long-term performance of the bentonite barrier system. In this study, long-term static batch experiments were carried out at 25 °C and 90 °C for one and two years using two different industrial bentonites (SD80 from Greece, B36 from Slovakia) and two types of aqueous solutions, which simulated (a) Opalinus clay pore water with a salinity of 19 g·L−1, and (b) diluted cap rock solution with a salinity of 155 g·L−1. The bentonites were prepared with and without organic substrates to study the microbial community and their potential influence on bentonite mineralogy. Smectite alteration was dominated by metal ion substitutions, changes in layer charge and delamination during water–clay interaction. The degree of smectite alteration and changes in the microbial diversity depended largely on the respective bentonite and the experimental conditions. Thus, the low charged SD80 with 17% tetrahedral charge showed nearly no structural change in either of the aqueous solutions, whereas B36 as a medium charged smectite with 56% tetrahedral charge became more beidellitic with increasing temperature when reacted in the diluted cap rock solution. Based on these experiments, the alteration of the smectite is mainly attributed to the nature of the bentonite, pore water chemistry and temperature. A significant microbial influence on the here analyzed parameters was not observed within the two years of experimentation. However, as the detected genera are known to potentially influence geochemical processes, microbial-driven alteration occurring over longer time periods cannot be ruled out if organic nutrients are available at appropriate concentrations