1,011 research outputs found
Fuck revisited.
This paper is a follow up to the investigation of McEnery, Baker and Hardie (2000) into the use of the word fuck in spoken British English. Both that paper and this are based on the British National Corpus. However, at the time of writing in 2000, the analysis of fuck in the written BNC had not been completed, hence the 2000 paper focussed on spoken English alone. In doing so, it explored the way fuck varied with respect to a range of meta-data encoded in the spoken BNC, principally age, sex and social class. We have now explored the written section of the BNC, and have explored the distribution of fuck with respect to a subset of the metadata encoded in the written BNC, namely domain, author gender, author age, audience gender, audience age, audience level, reception status, medium of text and date of creation. As some of these features have clear analogues in the spoken BNC (most clearly age and sex) comparisons between the work presented here and the earlier work on spoken English will be presented wherever possible. Throughout, unless otherwise stated, references to the frequency of usage of features in spoken language are taken from McEnery, Baker and Hardie (ibid)
Domains, text types, aspect marking and English-Chinese translation.
This paper uses an English-Chinese parallel corpus, an L1 Chinese comparable corpus, and an L1 Chinese reference corpus to examine how aspectual meanings in English are translated into Chinese and explore the effects of domains, text types and translation on aspect marking. We will show that while English and Chinese both mark aspect grammatically, the aspect system in the two languages differs considerably. Even though Chinese, as an aspect language, is rich in aspect markers, covert marking (LVM) is a frequent and important strategy in Chinese discourse. The distribution of aspect markers varies significantly across domain and text type. The study also sheds new light on the translation effect by contrasting aspect marking in translated Chinese texts and L1 Chinese texts
A Corpus-Based, Pilot Study of Lexical Stress Variation in American English
Phonological free variation describes the phenomenon of there being more than one pronunciation for a word without any change in meaning (e.g. because, schedule, vehicle). The term also applies to words that exhibit different stress patterns (e.g. academic, resources, comparable) with no change in meaning or grammatical category. A corpus-based analysis of free variation is a useful tool for testing the validity of surveys of speakers' pronunciation preferences for certain variants. The current paper presents the results of a corpus-based pilot study of American English, in an attempt to replicate Mompéan's 2009 study of British English
Signatures of the term in ultrastrongly-coupled oscillators
We study a bosonic matter excitation coupled to a single-mode cavity field
via electric dipole. Counter-rotating and terms are included in the
interaction model, being the vector potential of the cavity
field. In the ultrastrong coupling regime the vacuum of the bare modes is no
longer the ground state of the Hamiltonian and contains a nonzero population of
polaritons, the true normal modes of the system. If the parameters of the model
satisfy the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule, we find that the two polaritons are
always equally populated. We show how this prediction could be tested in a
quenching experiment, by rapidly switching on the coupling and analyzing the
radiation emitted by the cavity. A refinement of the model based on a
microscopic minimal coupling Hamiltonian is also provided, and its consequences
on our results are characterized analytically.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Tunable negative permeability in a quantum plasmonic metamaterial
We consider the integration of quantum emitters into a negative permeability
metamaterial design in order to introduce tunability as well as nonlinear
behavior. The unit cell of our metamaterial is a ring of metamolecules, each
consisting of a metal nanoparticle and a two-level semiconductor quantum dot
(QD). Without the QDs, the ring of the unit cell is known to act as an
artificial optical magnetic resonator. By adding the QDs we show that a Fano
interference profile is introduced into the magnetic field scattered from the
ring. This induced interference is shown to cause an appreciable effect in the
collective magnetic resonance of the unit cell. We find that the interference
provides a means to tune the response of the negative permeability
metamaterial. The exploitation of the QD's inherent nonlinearity is proposed to
modulate the metamaterial's magnetic response with a separate control field.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Situation aspect as a universal aspect:implications for artificial languages
Aspect, as one of the elements of verb mechanics, has been overlooked by many language designers. This paper argues that an artificial language, designed as a universal language for international communication, should incorporate the "universal" component of aspect found cross-linguistically in natural languages. In doing so, the paper develops a two-level model of situation aspect in which situation aspect is modelled as verb classes at the lexical level and as situation types at the sentential level. With a framework consisting of a lexicon, a layered clause structure and a set of mapping rules, the model is developed and tested using an English corpus and a Chinese corpus
High Energy Neutrino Emission and Neutrino Background from Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Internal Shock Model
High energy neutrino emission from GRBs is discussed. In this paper, by using
the simulation kit GEANT4, we calculate proton cooling efficiency including
pion-multiplicity and proton-inelasticity in photomeson production. First, we
estimate the maximum energy of accelerated protons in GRBs. Using the obtained
results, neutrino flux from one burst and a diffuse neutrino background are
evaluated quantitatively. We also take account of cooling processes of pion and
muon, which are crucial for resulting neutrino spectra. We confirm the validity
of analytic approximate treatments on GRB fiducial parameter sets, but also
find that the effects of multiplicity and high-inelasticity can be important on
both proton cooling and resulting spectra in some cases. Finally, assuming that
the GRB rate traces the star formation rate, we obtain a diffuse neutrino
background spectrum from GRBs for specific parameter sets. We introduce the
nonthermal baryon-loading factor, rather than assume that GRBs are main sources
of UHECRs. We find that the obtained neutrino background can be comparable with
the prediction of Waxman & Bahcall, although our ground in estimation is
different from theirs. In this paper, we study on various parameters since
there are many parameters in the model. The detection of high energy neutrinos
from GRBs will be one of the strong evidences that protons are accelerated to
very high energy in GRBs. Furthermore, the observations of a neutrino
background has a possibility not only to test the internal shock model of GRBs
but also to give us information about parameters in the model and whether GRBs
are sources of UHECRs or not.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in PRD, with extended
descriptions. Conclusions unchange
High energy neutrino early afterglows from gamma-ray bursts revisited
The high energy neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been
expected in various scenarios. In this paper, we study the neutrino emission
from early afterglows of GRBs, especially under the reverse-forward shock model
and late prompt emission model. In the former model, the early afterglow
emission occurs due to dissipation made by an external shock with the
circumburst medium (CBM). In the latter model, internal dissipation such as
internal shocks produces the shallow decay emission in early afterglows. We
also discuss implications of recent Swift observations for neutrino signals in
detail. Future neutrino detectors such as IceCube may detect neutrino signals
from early afterglows, especially under the late prompt emission model, while
the detection would be difficult under the reverse-forward shock model.
Contribution to the neutrino background from the early afterglow emission may
be at most comparable to that from the prompt emission unless the outflow
making the early afterglow emission loads more nonthermal protons, and it may
be important in the very high energies. Neutrino-detections are inviting
because they could provide us with not only information on baryon acceleration
but also one of the clues to the model of early afterglows. Finally, we compare
various predictions for the neutrino background from GRBs, which are testable
by future neutrino-observations.Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in PR
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