Impact des filets imprégnés de deltaméthrine sur les populations de glossines au Parc zoologique d'Abidjan et à l'Université Nangui Abrogoua.

Des enquêtes entomologiques antérieures réalisées à Abidjan dans le Parc National du Banco et les reliques forestières du Parc zoologique (Zoo) d'Abidjan et de l'Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), ont montré la présence de Glossina palpalis palpalis, vecteur majeur des trypanosomoses humaine et animale en Côte d'Ivoire. Face au risque encouru par les populations humaines et animales de cette ville, une lute antivectorielle basée sur une nouvelle technique, les filets imprégnés de deltaméthrine a été mise en place au Zoo. L'Université Nangui Abrogoua a servi de site témoin. L'objectif a été d'évaluer l'impact de ces filets dans le cadre d'une lutte antivectorielle au Zoo d'Abidjan. Avant la pose des filets en février 2011, des captures de glossines ont été effectuées de novembre 2010 à janvier 2011 avec 12 pièges "Vavoua" posés Durant quatre jours consécutifs sur les différents sites. Les évaluations ont débuté après la crise post-électorale, en septembre 2011. Le site témoin a été perturbé par les travaux de réaménagement, qui ont détruit une partie de l'habitat des glossines. Au Zoo, la DAP a chuté brusquement de 1,8 à 0 glossine/ piège/jour. A l'Université, la densité a baissé progressivement, de 0,4 à 0,2 glossine/ piège/ jour, avant de s'annuler. L'utilisation des filets imprégnés de deltaméthrine a été très efficace, cet outil pourrait constituer une option supplémentaire dans la lutte contre les trypanosomoses.Mots clés: lutte anti-vectorielle, Filets, Parc zoologique, l'Université Nangui Abrogoua. Impact of nets impregnated with deltamethrin on tsetse populations in Abidjan Zoological Park and the Nangui Abrogouab University. Using nets impregnated with deltamethrin against tsetsePrevious entomological surveys carried out in Abidjan in the Banco National Park and forest relics of Abidjan zoological Park and the Nangui Abrogoua University showed the presence of Glossina palpalis palpalis, main vector of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Ivory Coast. Cope with the risk to human and animal populations of this city, vector control based on a new technique that is nets impregnated with deltamethrin have been set up at the Zoo. The University Nangui Abrogoua served as a control site. The objective was to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin impregnated nets in vector control of Abidjan Zoo. Before the introduction of insecticide-treated nets in February 2011, the flies catches were conducted from November 2010 to January 2011 with 12 "Vavoua" traps laid during four consecutive days in different sites. Assessments began after the post-election crisis in September 2011. The control site was disrupted by the redevelopment, which destroyed part of the tsetse habitat. At The Zoo, the DAP fell sharply from 1.8 to 0 of tsetse / trap / day. The DAP has dropped sharply from 1.8 to 0 of tsetse / trap / day. At the University, the density decreased gradually from 0.4 to 0.2 tsetse / trap / day, before cancel. The use of nets treated with deltamethrin has been very effective, this tool could be an additional option in the fight against trypanosomiasis.Keywords: nets, zoological park, Nangui Abrogoua University, vector control

Pharmacological and Toxicological effects of Aqueous Acetone Extract of Sida alba L. (Malvaceae) in animals model

The present study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacological and toxic effects of aqueous acetone extract of Sida alba L. a Malvaceae species, in mice Swiss and albinos Wistar rats. In acute toxicity test, mice received doses of this extract by intraperitoneal route with LD50 value of 3200 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity test, albinos Wistar rats were treat by gavage during 28 days with different doses of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida alba L., (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg). About to the pharmacological properties, the results varied widely in dose of extract and weight of rats and did not show clinical correlations. We undertook this study of extracts in order to provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of Sida alba L., in traditional medicine particularly to treat hepatitis B. Our results of this study appeared to show the safety of acute and sub-acute toxicities of extract from Sida alba L., which can therefore be continuously used with safety in traditional medicine. Statistical studies revealed that there is a low significant difference in body and organ weights, and biological parameters between control group and the treated assay groups (p<0.01 or p<0.05)

Pharmacological and Toxicological effects of Aqueous Acetone Extract of Sida alba L. (Malvaceae) in animals model

The present study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacological and toxic effects of aqueous acetone extract of Sida alba L. a Malvaceae species, in mice Swiss and albinos Wistar rats. In acute toxicity test, mice received doses of this extract by intraperitoneal route with LD50 value of 3200 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity test, albinos Wistar rats were treat by gavage during 28 days with different doses of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida alba L., (75, 100 and 150 mg/kg). About to the pharmacological properties, the results varied widely in dose of extract and weight of rats and did not show clinical correlations. We undertook this study of extracts in order to provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of Sida alba L., in traditional medicine particularly to treat hepatitis B. Our results of this study appeared to show the safety of acute and sub-acute toxicities of extract from Sida alba L., which can therefore be continuously used with safety in traditional medicine. Statistical studies revealed that there is a low significant difference in body and organ weights, and biological parameters between control group and the treated assay groups (p<0.01 or p<0.05)

Etude préliminaire de l’infestation des glossines par les trypanosomes dans le baï de Momba (Nord-Est Gabon)

Une étude préliminaire entomo-parasitologique a été effectuée pendant la grande saison sèche à l’interieur et autour du baï de Momba (nord-est Gabon) pour examiner les espèces de Trypanosomes transmises par les glossines. Ces dernières ont été capturées à l’aide des pièges vavoua et nzi. Les infections par les trypanosomes chez ces glossines ont été recherchées à l’aide d’un microscope au niveau des glandes salivaires, proboscis et intestins moyens des glossines. Ainsi, une infection du proboscis seul correspond à T. vivax, celles des glandes salivaires à T. brucei et celle du proboscis et de l’intestin moyen à T. congolense. Au total six espèces de glossines ont été identifiées : Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. nashi, G. fusca congolensis, G. tachinoides, G. frezili et G. fuscipes fuscipes. Le taux global d’infestation des glossines disséquées et observées au microscope a été estimé à 30 %. L’infestation des glossines par les trypanosomes témoigne de l’existence d’un risque trypanosomien dans le baï de Momba et suggère ainsi l’établissement d’un cycle de transmission Animal-Glossine-Homme dans ce milieu.Mots clés: Glossina, T. vivax, T. congolense, baï de Momba, trypanosomes. Preliminary study of infection of tsetse by trypanosomes in the baï of Momba North East GabonA preliminary study are insect parasitology was carried out during the long dry season in and around the baï of Momba (north-east Gabon) to examine the species of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. The flies were captured using traps and Vavoua nzi. Infections by trypanosomes were investigated using a microscope in the salivary glands and the proboscis intestines means tsetse. In total six tsetse species were identified : Glossina palpalis palpalis, G. nashi, G. fusca congolensis, G. tachinoides, G. frezili and G. fuscipes fuscipes. The overall rate of infestation of flies dissected and observed under the microscope is estimated at 30 %. The infestation of Bai Momba by flies carrying trypanosomes demonstrates the existence of a trypanosome risk and thus suggests the establishment of a transmission cycle Human-Animal-Glossina in this environment.Keywords: tsetse flies, T. vivax, T. congolense, baï of Momba, trypanosome

Phenotypic Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): Specific Characterization of Underlying Resistance Mechanisms Still Matters

An effective control of malaria vectors requires an extensive knowledge of mechanisms underlying the resistance-phenotypes developed by these vectors against insecticides. We investigated Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Benin and Togo for their intensity of insecticide resistance and we discussed the involvement of genotyped mechanisms in the resistance-phenotypes observed. Three- to five-day-old adult mosquitoes emerged from field and laboratory An. gambiae larvae were assayed using WHO tube intensity tests against various doses of deltamethrin: 1× (0.05%); 2× (0.1%); 5× (0.25%); 7.5× (0.375%) and those of pirimiphos-methyl: 0.5× (0.125%); 1× (0.25%). Members of An. gambiae complex were screened in field populations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The presence of kdrR(1014F/1014S) and ace-1R(119S) mutations was also investigated using TaqMan and PCR-RFLP techniques, respectively. Anopheles gambiae from field were very resistant to deltamethrin, whereas KisKdr and AcerKdrKis strains displayed 100% mortality rates at 2× the diagnostic dose. In contrast, the field mosquitoes displayed a low resistance-intensity against 1× the diagnostic dose of pirimiphos-methyl, whereas AcerKis and AcerKdrKis strains showed susceptibility at 0.5× the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis were identified. Allelic frequencies of kdrR (1014F) and ace-1R (119S) mutations in the field populations varied from 0.65 to 1 and 0 to 0.84, respectively. The field An. gambiae displayed high-resistance levels against deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl when compared with those of the laboratory An. gambiae-resistant strains. These results exhibit the complexity of underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms in these field malaria vectors

Genomic profiling of plasmablastic lymphoma using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH): revealing significant overlapping genomic lesions with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Plasmablastic lymphoma (PL) is a subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Studies have suggested that tumors with PL morphology represent a group of neoplasms with clinopathologic characteristics corresponding to different entities including extramedullary plasmablastic tumors associated with plasma cell myeloma (PCM). The goal of the current study was to evaluate the genetic similarities and differences among PL, DLBCL (AIDS-related and non AIDS-related) and PCM using array-based comparative genomic hybridization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Examination of genomic data in PL revealed that the most frequent segmental gain (> 40%) include: 1p36.11-1p36.33, 1p34.1-1p36.13, 1q21.1-1q23.1, 7q11.2-7q11.23, 11q12-11q13.2 and 22q12.2-22q13.3. This correlated with segmental gains occurring in high frequency in DLBCL (AIDS-related and non AIDS-related) cases. There were some segmental gains and some segmental loss that occurred in PL but not in the other types of lymphoma suggesting that these foci may contain genes responsible for the differentiation of this lymphoma. Additionally, some segmental gains and some segmental loss occurred only in PL and AIDS associated DLBCL suggesting that these foci may be associated with HIV infection. Furthermore, some segmental gains and some segmental loss occurred only in PL and PCM suggesting that these lesions may be related to plasmacytic differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>To the best of our knowledge, the current study represents the first genomic exploration of PL. The genomic aberration pattern of PL appears to be more similar to that of DLBCL (AIDS-related or non AIDS-related) than to PCM. Our findings suggest that PL may remain best classified as a subtype of DLBCL at least at the genome level.</p

NK cell compartment in patients with coronary heart disease

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Viral and bacterial infections have been considered as a risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). NK cells, as a first line of defense against those infections, may play a role in CHD development. Thus, the main aim of our study was to determine NK cell compartment in patients with CHD undergoing coronary artery by-pass grafting.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ninety three patients with CHD were included into the study; the control group consisted of 49 healthy volunteers. As compared to controls, CHD patients had lower NK cytotoxic activity. CHD group had also a decreased absolute number and percentage of total NK cells and CD3-CD56dim cytotoxic NK subset. In addition, we observed tendency toward lower percentage of the CD3-CD56bright regulatory NK subset and CD3-CD56+IFN-γ+ cells in CHD patients.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data indicate that CHD is associated with an impairment of NK cells compartment.</p

CD56 is a pathogen recognition receptor on human natural killer cells

Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal mold inducing invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunocompromised patients. Although antifungal activity of human natural killer (NK) cells was shown in previous studies, the underlying cellular mechanisms and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are still unknown. Using flow cytometry we were able to show that the fluorescence positivity of the surface receptor CD56 significantly decreased upon fungal contact. To visualize the interaction site of NK cells and A. fumigatus we used SEM, CLSM and dSTORM techniques, which clearly demonstrated that NK cells directly interact with A. fumigatus via CD56 and that CD56 is re-organized and accumulated at this interaction site time-dependently. The inhibition of the cytoskeleton showed that the receptor re-organization was an active process dependent on actin re-arrangements. Furthermore, we could show that CD56 plays a role in the fungus mediated NK cell activation, since blocking of CD56 surface receptor reduced fungal mediated NK cell activation and reduced cytokine secretion. These results confirmed the direct interaction of NK cells and A. fumigatus, leading to the conclusion that CD56 is a pathogen recognition receptor. These findings give new insights into the functional role of CD56 in the pathogen recognition during the innate immune response