The Irish drinking culture: drinking and drinking-related harm, a European comparison.

This paper examines the Irish drinking habits and to what extent drinking is associated with experiences of adverse consequences in the year 2002. The analysis is based on a survey containing similar questions that was used in a recent European comparative survey involving Finland, Sweden, Germany, UK, France and Italy, known as the ECAS countries (Leifman,2002; Ramstedt, 2002). This provides a unique opportunity to examine the Irish results in a comparative framework. Furthermore, several aggregate level studies have revealed that a higher overall level of drinking in Ireland is associated with higher alcohol-related mortality,e.g., deaths from liver cirrhosis (Ramstedt, 2001), accidents (Skog, 2001) and homicide (Rossow, 2001). However, no previous study has examined to what extent higher alcohol consumption at the individual level affects the likelihood of suffering from adverse health, social and psychological consequences of drinking in Ireland

The public-private decision for alcohol retail systems: examining the economic, health, and social impacts of alternative systems in Finland

Background: Organising alcohol retail systems with more or less public ownership has implications for health and the economy. The aim of the present study was to estimate the economic, health, and social impacts of alcohol use in Finland in 2018 (baseline), and in two alternative scenarios in which current partial public ownership of alcohol retail sales is either increased or fully privatised. Methods: Baseline alcohol-attributable harms and costs were estimated across five categories of death, disability, and criminal justice. Two alternate alcohol retail systems were defined as privately owned stores selling: (1) only low strength alcoholic beverages (public ownership scenario, similar to Sweden); or (2) all beverages (private ownership scenario). Policy analyses were conducted to estimate changes in alcohol use per capita. Health and economic impacts were modelled using administrative data and epidemiological modelling. Results: In Finland in 2018, alcohol use was estimated to be responsible for €1.51 billion (95% Uncertainty Estimates: €1.43 billion, €1.58 billion) in social cost, 3,846 deaths, and 270,652 criminal justice events. In the public ownership scenario, it was estimated that alcohol use would decline by 15.8% (11.8%, 19.7%) and social cost by €384.3 million (€189.5 million, €559.2 million). Full privatisation was associated with an increase in alcohol use of 9.0% (6.2%, 11.8%) and an increase in social cost of €289.7 million (€140.8 million, €439.5 million). Conclusion: The outcome from applying a novel analytical approach suggests that more public ownership of the alcohol retail system may lead to significant decreases in alcohol-caused death, disability, crime, and social costs. Conversely, full privatisation of the ownership model would lead to increased harm and costs

Self-Control and Adverse “Drinking” Consequences

Most research on adverse alcohol consequences such as problems with health, work, and relationships focuses only on alcohol use itself as a cause of these outcomes. However, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory holds that alcohol use and these negative outcomes are likely to have a common cause–low self-control. Tests of hypotheses derived from self-control theory show that self-control predicts negative drinking consequences better than combined measures of alcohol dependence and frequency and quantity of drinking. This suggests that various forms of risk–taking behavior and negative outcomes can be conceptualized as indicators of underlying levels of self-control

Per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality in 14 European countries

The aim of this research was to estimate the effects of changes in per capita alcohol consumption on liver cirrhosis mortality rates in various demographic groups across 14 western European countries. Method. Yearly changes in gender- and age-specific mortality rates from 1950 to 1995 were analysed in relation to corresponding yearly changes in per capita alcohol consumption, employing the Box-Jenkins technique for time series analysis. Country-specific estimates were pooled into three regions: northern, central and southern Europe. Measurements. Cirrhosis mortality data for 5-year age groups were converted into gender-specific mortality rates in the age groups 15 +, 15-44, 45-64 and 65 + and expressed as the number of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. Alcohol sales were used to measure aggregate consumption, which were calculated into consumption (litres 100% alcohol) per year per inhabitant over 14 years of age and weighted with a 10-year distributed lag model. The country-specific analyses demonstrated a positive and statistically significant effect of changes in per capita consumption on changes in cirrhosis mortality in 13 countries for males and in nine countries for females. The strongest alcohol effect was found in northern Europe, due mainly to a large effect in Sweden. Moreover, when different age groups were analysed significant estimates were obtained in 29 of 42 cases for males and in 20 of 42 cases for females. Most of the non-significant estimates were found in older age groups. The results suggest clearly that a change in the overall level of drinking as a general rule affect cirrhosis mortality in different drinking cultures as well as among different demographic groups. Moreover, the findings correspond with what is expected from the collectivity theory of drinking cultures

Alcohol and suicide in 14 European countries.

The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that a positive population-level relationship between alcohol and suicide is more likely to be found in dry drinking cultures (as indicated by consumption level) than in wet drinking cultures. Gender- and age-specific suicide rates in 14 western European countries were analysed in relation to per capita alcohol consumption employing the Box-Jenkins technique for time series analysis. The country-specific estimates were pooled into low-, medium- and high-consumption countries. Suicide mortality data for 5-year age groups were converted into gender- and age-specific mortality rates. Alcohol sales expressed as litres of 100% alcohol per year and inhabitants 15 years and older were used as a measure of alcohol consumption. A positive and significant relationship between per capita consumption and gender- and age-specific suicide rates was revealed most often in northern Europe and found least often in southern Europe. A stronger absolute alcohol effect for men was found only in northern Europe, whereas the relative alcohol effect was somewhat stronger for women in both northern and central Europe. Also, the suicide rate in younger age groups was more often significantly related to per capita consumption than suicide among the elder in northern and central Europe but not in southern Europe. The population-level association between alcohol and suicide is conditioned by cultural factors. In general, the suicide rate tends to be more responsive to changes in alcohol consumption in drinking cultures characterized by a low post-war per capita consumption compared to drinking cultures with higher consumption levels. The findings give support to the hypothesis derived from previous theoretical and empirical work, suggesting that suicide and alcohol is more closely connected in dry cultures than in wet cultures

The Irish drinking habits of 2002: drinking and drinking-related harm in a European comparative perspective.

The aim of this research was to examine drinking habits and experiences of drinking among men and women in Ireland 2002 and to compare some results with earlier European studies using similar data and methods. Data on self-reported drinking habits and experiences of alcohol-related problems were obtained from a general population survey undertaken in 2002. Two approaches were used: (1) cross-tabulations of drinking habits and the experience of adverse consequences in various demographic groups (2) logistic regressions predicting the likelihood of experiencing problems. Self-reported alcohol consumption confirms statistics on alcohol sales; a lot of alcohol is consumed in Ireland today despite a large fraction of abstainers in the population. Binge drinking is very common, and, out of 100 drinking events, 58 end up in binge drinking for men and 30 for women. Irish drinkers also experience harmful drinking-related consequences to a larger extent than in other western European countries. Both volume of drinking and binge drinking affect the likelihood of experiencing most alcohol-related harms. The authors conclude that drinkers in Ireland drink more than in other western European countries and many have risky drinking habits that lead to adverse consequences. It will be an important challenge to find preventive measures that can reduce these problems in Ireland