332 research outputs found
Editorial: Women in science: Occupational health and safety 2021
Editorial MaterialInternational audienc
Effect of Work-Related Sedentary Time on Overall Health Profile in Active vs. Inactive Office Workers
Objective: While public health strategies are developed to fight sedentary behaviors and promote physical activity, some professional activities, and especially tertiary ones, have been pointed out for their highly sedentary nature. Although workplace physical activity programs are increasingly proposed by companies to their employees in order to increase their physical activity levels, sitting and screen time remain extremely high. The main aim of this work was to compare health indicators between active and inactive tertiary employees with similar high levels of sedentariness. Secondly, we questioned the effects of a 5-month workplace physical activity program on overall health indicators among initially active and inactive tertiary employees.Methods: Anthropometric measurements, body composition (bio-impedance), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness) and health-related quality of life and perception of health status (self-reported questionnaires) were assessed among 193 active and inactive tertiary employees before (T0) and after a 5-month workplace physical activity intervention (T1), composed of 2 physical sessions per week.Results: Significant improvements were found in performance of push-ups (p < 0.001), back muscle strength (p < 0.001) fat mass (p < 0.01) and waist circumference (p < 0.05) in active compared with inactive employees both at baseline and at the end of the program. Health perception (p < 0.001) was significantly different between groups at T0 but not at T1. However, no significant difference was observed for fat-free mass, BMI, workplace well-being and lower and upper limbs muscle strength. The variations between T0 and T1 demonstrate that, while all the studied parameters progressed positively during the 5-month program, health perception (p < 0.001), back muscle strength (p < 0.05) and BMI (tendency) showed a significantly higher progression in the inactive compared with the active group.Conclusion: Health indicators might not be improved among active tertiary employees compared with inactive ones, which might be due to the high level of sedentariness characterizing their occupational task.Structured on-site physical activity programs can improve health in both initially active and inactive employees
Effet dâun programme dâactivitĂ© physique intermittent de haute intensitĂ© sur la perte de masse grasse abdominale chez la femme DT2 mĂ©nopausĂ©e
Contexte : A la mĂ©nopause, la diminution des taux dâestrogĂšnes favorise un dĂ©pĂŽt de masse grasse (MG) abdominal (sous-cutanĂ© et viscĂ©ral). La MG viscĂ©rale est corrĂ©lĂ©e aux maladies cardio-vasculaires (MCV). Ce risque est accentuĂ© chez les sujets prĂ©sentant un diabĂšte de type 2 (DT2).Objectif : Comparer deux modalitĂ©s dâentraĂźnement, continu de moyenne intensitĂ© (SSE) vs. intermittent de haute intensitĂ© (HIIE), sur la perte de MG abdominale (dont viscĂ©rale) chez des femmes DT2 mĂ©nopausĂ©es.MatĂ©riels et mĂ©thode : Seize femmes DT2 mĂ©nopausĂ©es (69±1ans; IMC : 31±1 kg/mÂČ) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©parties alĂ©atoirement en deux groupes. Pendant quatre mois, deux fois par semaine, 8 dâentre elles ont rĂ©alisĂ© un entraĂźnement SSE (40 min de pĂ©dalage Ă 50% de la FCmax de rĂ©serve), et 8 ont rĂ©alisĂ© un entraĂźnement HIIE (8s de sprint suivies de 12s de rĂ©cupĂ©ration active, pendant 20 min). PrĂ© (T0) et post entraĂźnement (T4), la composition corporelle et la MG abdominale totale ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es par DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). La MG viscĂ©rale a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e Ă partir de la mĂ©thode de Martin et Jensen1. A T0 et T4, les apports Ă©nergĂ©tiques et le niveau dâactivitĂ© physique ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s (questionnaires et accĂ©lĂ©romĂštrie validĂ©e2 intĂ©grĂ©e sur smartphone).RĂ©sultats : AprĂšs 16 semaines dâintervention, sans modification des apports Ă©nergĂ©tiques et du niveau dâactivitĂ© physique total, une perte de MG totale et un gain de masse maigre est observĂ© (effet temps, p<0.05). La diminution de MG abdominale est supĂ©rieure dans le groupe HIIE (0.32% ± 2.07 vs 8.32 % ± 2.19, p<0.05) et la perte de MG viscĂ©rale nâest observĂ©e que dans le groupe HIIE (p<0.05).Conclusion : LâentraĂźnement de type HIIE apparait comme un programme alternatif intĂ©ressant chez la femme DT2 mĂ©nopausĂ©e en diminuant significativement la MG abdominale totale et viscĂ©rale
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Selected Adipokines and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Young Males-A Pre-Post Test Trial
The study aimed to assess effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma adipokines and cardiometabolic markers in normal and excess weight youth. Eighteen healthy young males (18.2 ± 1.06 yrs.) were divided in normal-weight group (NWG; body mass index (BMI), 20.5 ± 1.51 kg/m2; n = 9) and excess-weight group (EWG; BMI, 30.8 ± 4.56 kg/m2; n = 9). Participants performed an eight-week HIIT program without caloric restriction. Body composition, plasma leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin-1, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed before and after the HIIT program. The program resulted in significant increases in omentin levels (p < 0.01) in EWG (27%) and NWG (22%), but no changes in leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin in both groups. BMI (â1.62%; p = 0.015), body fat (â1.59%; p = 0.021), total cholesterol (â11.8%; p = 0.026), triglycerides (â21.3%; p = 0.023), and HOMA-IR (â31.5%; p = 0.043) decreased in EWG only. Repeated measures detected significant interaction âTime x Groupâ for body mass and BMI only. Eight-week HIIT program improved body composition, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in excess-weight individuals. It resulted in an increase in omentin levels in both normal- and excess-weight groups, but no changes in leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin. Body composition has not influenced the response of the four adipokines to HIIT
Effect of MTU length on child-adult difference in neuromuscular fatigue
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the development and etiology
of neuromuscular fatigue of the knee extensor muscles (KE) at different
muscle-tendon unit (MTU) lengths during repeated maximal voluntary isometric
contractions (MVIC) between boys and men.Methods Twenty-two pre-pubertal boys
(9-11 years) and 22 men (18-30 years) performed three KE fatigue protocols at
short (SHORT), optimal (OPT) and long (LONG) MTU lengths, consisting of
repeating 5-s MVIC interspersed with 5-s passive recovery periods until torque
reached 60% of the initial MVIC torque. The etiology of neuromuscular fatigue
was identified using non-invasive methods such as surface electromyography,
near-infrared spectroscopy, magnetic nerve stimulation and twitch interpolation
technique.Results The number of repetitions was significantly lower in men at
OPT (14.83.2) and LONG (15.85.8) than boys (39.718.4 and 29.5
10.2, respectively; p<0.001), while no difference was found at SHORT
between both age groups (boys: 33.715.4, men: 40.914.2). At OPT and
LONG boys showed a lower reduction in the single potentiated twitch (Qtwpot)
and a greater decrease in the voluntary activation level (VA) than men. At
SHORT, both populations displayed a moderate Qtwpot decrement and a significant
VA reduction (p<0.001). The differences in maximal torque between boys and men
were almost twice greater at OPT (223.9 N.m) than at SHORT (123.3 N.m) and LONG
(136.5 N.m).Conclusion The differences in neuromuscular fatigue between
children and adults are dependent on MTU length. Differences in maximal torque
could underpin differences in neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults
at OPT and SHORT. However, at LONG these differences do not seem to be
explained by differences in maximal torque. The origins of this specific effect
of MTU length remain to be determined
The multinational second Diabetes, Attitudes, Wishes and Needs study: results of the French survey
International audienceAIM:The second Diabetes, Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2âą) multinational cross-sectional study was aimed at generating insights to facilitate innovative efforts by people with diabetes (PWD), family members (FMs), and health care professionals (HCPs) to improve self-management and psychosocial support in diabetes. Here, the French data from the DAWN2âą study are described.METHODS:In France, 500 PWD (80 with type 1 diabetes [T1] and 420 with type 2 diabetes [T2]), 120 FMs, and 288 HCPs were recruited. The questionnaires assessed the impact of diabetes on quality of life and mood, self-management, attitudes/beliefs, and care/support.RESULTS:Diabetes negatively impacted the emotional well-being of 59% of people with T1 versus 45% of people with T2 (P<0.05) and about half of FMs. A high level of distress was felt by about half of PWD and FMs. About half of HCPs reported assessing depression in their patients. Sixty-two percent of FMs considered managing diabetes to be a burden. Hypoglycemia was a source of concern for 64% of people with T1 and 73% of FMs of insulin users. About two-thirds of non-insulin-medicated people with T2 agreed to start insulin if prescribed, while half of HCPs preferred to delay insulin initiation. A discrepancy between HCPs' perceptions of their interactions with their patients and PWD's recollection of these interactions with regard to patients' personal needs and distress was also observed.CONCLUSION:While distress remains under-assessed by HCPs, the negative impact of diabetes on the lives of PWD and FMs clearly induces distress on both groups. These findings provide new understanding of barriers precluding optimal management of diabetes. Developing strategies to overcome these barriers is now warranted
Glucocorticoids in elite sport: current status, controversies and innovative management strategies-a narrative review
The use of systemic glucocorticoids (GCs), as well as local injections, continues to be a controversial issue in the sport/anti-doping community. There is widespread and legitimate use of GCs for numerous health conditions, yet there are concerns about side effects and the possibility of enhanced athletic performance in limited settings. This is compounded by the uncertainty regarding the prevalence of GC use, mechanisms underlying physiological effects and complex pharmacokinetics of different formulations. While WADA continues to promote research in this complex area, some international sporting federations, major event organisers and professional sports leagues have introduced innovative rules such as needle policies, mandatory rest periods and precompetition guidelines to promote judicious use of GCs, focusing on athlete health and supervision of medical personnel. These complementary sport-specific rules are helping to ensure the appropriate use of GCs in athletes where overuse is a particular concern. Where systemic GCs are medically necessary, Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) may be granted after careful evaluation by TUE Committees based on specific and strict criteria. Continued vigilance and cooperation between physicians, scientists and anti-doping organisations is essential to ensure that GC use in sport respects not only principles of fairness and adherence to the rules but also promotes athlete health and well-being. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarise the use and management of GCs in sport illustrating several innovative programmes by sport leagues and federations
Children Exhibit a More Comparable Neuromuscular Fatigue Profile to Endurance Athletes Than Untrained Adults
The present study compared neuromuscular fatigue profiles between children, untrained adults and adult endurance athletes during repeated maximal muscle contractions. Eighteen prepubertal boys, 19 untrained men and 13 endurance male athletes performed 5-s maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor contractions (MVICs) interspersed with 5-s recovery until MVIC reached 60% of its initial value. Single and doublet magnetic stimulations were delivered to the femoral nerve to quantify the time course of potentiated twitch amplitude (Ttw,pot), high-frequency torque (T100Hz) and the low-to-high frequency torque ratio (T10Hz/T100Hz), i.e., indicators of peripheral fatigue. M-wave-normalized EMG amplitudes (EMG/M) and the maximal voluntary activation level (VA) were calculated to quantify central fatigue. Adults (15.9 ± 3.9 repetitions) performed fewer MVICs than children (40.4 ± 19.7) and endurance athletes (51.7 ± 19.6), however, no difference was observed between children and athletes (P = 0.13). Ttw,pot (âŒ52%, P < 0.001), T100Hz (âŒ39%, P < 0.001) and T10Hz/T100Hz (âŒ23%, P < 0.001) decreased only in adults. Similar decrements in vastus medialis and vastus lateralis EMG/M were observed in children and endurance athletes (range: 40â50%), and these were greater than in adults (âŒ15%). Whilst VA decreased more in children (-38.4 ± 22.5%, P < 0.001) than endurance athletes (-20.3 ± 10.1%, P < 0.001), it did not change in adults. Thus, children fatigued more slowly than adults and as much as endurance athletes. They developed less peripheral and more central fatigue than adults and, although central fatigue appeared somewhat higher in children than endurance athletes, both children and endurance athletes experienced greater decrements than adults. Therefore, children exhibit a more comparable neuromuscular fatigue profile to endurance athletes than adults
Phenylbutyrate up-regulates the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene as a nonclassical peroxisome proliferator
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a demyelinating disease due to mutations in the ABCD1 (ALD) gene, encoding a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (ALDP). Overexpression of adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein, an ALDP homologue encoded by the ABCD2 (adrenoleukodystrophy-related) gene, can compensate for ALDP deficiency. 4-Phenylbutyrate (PBA) has been shown to induce both ABCD2 expression and peroxisome proliferation in human fibroblasts. We show that peroxisome proliferation with unusual shapes and clusters occurred in liver of PBA-treated rodents in a PPARα-independent way. PBA activated Abcd2 in cultured glial cells, making PBA a candidate drug for therapy of X-ALD. The Abcd2 induction observed was partially PPARα independent in hepatocytes and totally independent in fibroblasts. We demonstrate that a GC box and a CCAAT box of the Abcd2 promoter are the key elements of the PBA-dependent Abcd2 induction, histone deacetylase (HDAC)1 being recruited by the GC box. Thus, PBA is a nonclassical peroxisome proliferator inducing pleiotropic effects, including effects at the peroxisomal level mainly through HDAC inhibition
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