Discovery of large scale shock fronts correlated with the radio halo and radio relic in the A2163 galaxy cluster

Imprints of galaxy cluster formation processes are visible in the intracluster medium and can arise in shock fronts, which are detectable via discontinuities in e.g. the gas temperature and density profiles. In this study, we investigate the X-ray properties of the intracluster gas and the radio morphology of the extraordinary cluster A2163. This cluster shows an irregular morphology in various wavelengths and has one of the most luminous and extended known radio halos. Additionally, it is one of the hottest clusters known. We analyze two Suzaku observations of A2163, one in the north-east (NE) and one in the south-west (SW) direction, and use archival XMM-Newton data to remove point sources in the field of view. To compare our findings in the X-ray regime with the radio emission, we obtain radio images of the cluster from an archival VLA observation at 20cm. We identify three shock fronts in A2163 in our spectral X-ray study. A clear shock front lies in the NE direction at a distance of 1.4Mpc from the center, with a Mach number of $M=1.7_{-0.2}^{+0.3}$, estimated from the temperature discontinuity. This shock coincides with the position of a known radio relic. We identify two additional shocks in the SW direction, one with $M=1.5_{-0.3}^{+0.5}$ at a distance of 0.7Mpc, which is likely related to a cool core remnant, and a strong shock with $M=3.2_{-0.7}^{+0.6}$ at a distance of 1.3Mpc, which also closely matches the radio contours. The complex structure of A2163 as well as the different Mach numbers and shock velocities suggest a merging scenario with two unequal merging constituents, where two shock fronts emerged in an early stage of the merger and traveled outwards while an additional shock front developed in front of the merging cluster cores.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted by A&

Developing Social Media for Community Based Environmental Monitoring

This paper examines the use of social media to support a Community-Based Environmental Monitoring (CBEM) system that operates within National Parks in Australia. The system and its social media presence have been in operation for several years and the Facebook page has over 250 followers. However, limited engagement with postings and modest growth of the Facebook following has prompted further research. This initial exploratory case study used a survey to examine the social media usage patterns of CBEM system users and their perceptions of the CBEM social media presence. The study found that while almost 90 per cent of respondents reported using Facebook on a regular basis, only a quarter followed the CBEM social media presence. Based on the results, potential system enhancements and future research are proposed

Ethical and Value Issues in Population Limitation and Distribution in the United States

Any discussion of the ethical issues in population limitation and redistribution must begin by focusing upon the definition of the problem, because how one views the problem, and its urgency and gravity, inevitably determines whether there is something that ought to be done and what it is that ought to be done. As laymen in many of the areas that are relevant to the population problem, we are forced to rely on the expert knowledge of others. It would be highly salutary if there were a body of received opinion that could be used without hesitation. Unfortunately, on many crucial matters this is not the case. We are put in the uncomfortable position of the patient who must decide what to do when his doctors disagree

Accentuate the positive : Evidence that context dependent self-reference drives self-bias

Funding: This work was supported by the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2019-010).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A pre-existing self-referential anchor is not necessary for self prioritisation

Funding This work was supported by the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2019-010).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Uncertainty and sensitivity in optode-based shelf-sea net community production estimates

Coastal seas represent one of the most valuable and vulnerable habitats on Earth. Understanding biological productivity in these dynamic regions is vital to understanding how they may influence and be affected by climate change. A key metric to this end is net community production (NCP), the net effect of autotrophy and heterotrophy; however accurate estimation of NCP has proved to be a difficult task. Presented here is a thorough exploration and sensitivity analysis of an oxygen mass-balance-based NCP estimation technique applied to the Warp Anchorage monitoring station, which is a permanently well-mixed shallow area within the River Thames plume. We have developed an open-source software package for calculating NCP estimates and air–sea gas flux. Our study site is identified as a region of net heterotrophy with strong seasonal variability. The annual cumulative net community oxygen production is calculated as (−5 ± 2.5) mol m−2 a−1. Short-term daily variability in oxygen is demonstrated to make accurate individual daily estimates challenging. The effects of bubble-induced supersaturation is shown to have a large influence on cumulative annual estimates and is the source of much uncertainty

On the acquisition of either and too

This paper presents an experimental investigation of how English-learning children acquire the additive discourse particles either and too. In the target grammar these items exhibit near-complementary distribution conditioned on the polarity of their host sentence. The path leading to that grammar appears to be rather intricate. We present comprehension data showing that for an extended period of time (3–5 ya) learners find both items acceptable in both polarity environments, exhibiting only a weak adult-like tendency of preferring either in negative and too in positive sentences. At 6 ya, their grammar appears categorical wrt. either in that they no longer tolerate it in positive sentences while still exhibiting only a weak dispreference for too in negative environments. These findings are even more striking in the context of production data. We find that child-directed speech is essentially categorical, providing unambiguous evidence for the adult grammar. Moreover, we find essentially categorical, adult-like use of either and too in child production from the earliest stage of development. These observations raise a number of challenges for theories of either and too and for approaches to learning focus particles more generally. Perhaps most strikingly, the protracted insensitivity of the learner's grammar to accumulation of unambiguous evidence constitutes a novel argument from the abundance of evidence for encapsulated learning

Hyperparathyroidism and new onset diabetes after renal transplantation.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism persists after renal transplantation in a substantial number of patients. Primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary hyperparathyroidism are both associated with abnormalities in glucose metabolism, such as insufficient insulin release and glucose intolerance. The association of hyperparathyroidism and diabetes after renal transplantation has, as far as we know, not been studied. Our aim was to investigate whether hyperparathyroidism is associated with new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT) during the first year posttransplantation