USPOREDBA DOBROBITI KRAVA MUZARA U VEZANOM I SLOBODNOM UZGOJU

Milk production on Slovenian farms is an important economic activity that underwent essential changes after the introduction of the European Union standards. Sound state of health and welfare of dairy cows remain the essential conditions for the quality of milk and dairy products, as well as important public health aspects. This paper presents the currently applicable welfare standards for farm animals, the European priority activities in the field of welfare of farm animals, and the results of inquiry into the state of play in dairy cow housing systems in the narrower north-eastern territory of Slovenia. Ten free housing system dairy farms and ten tether system dairy farms were inspected, compared and assessed according to the Austrian method of the Animal Needs Index (ANI) for cattle. ANI is a relevant criterion for assessing the adequacy of husbandry systems, based on graded point system. The five areas of influence impacting animal welfare were assessed, including: affording movement (‘Locomotion’), affording social interaction (‘Social interaction’), type and condition of flooring (‘Flooring’), light and air conditions (‘Light and Air’), including ventilation and noise level, and quality of care for the animals (‘Stockmanship’). Adequacy of housing conditions was evaluated and compared between the free housing and tether systems for dairy cows. The paper further presents the state of health of animals examined and the scope of diseases detected, including technopathies and injuries, reasons for culling dairy cows and herd structure by the end of 2009, in either of the two husbandry systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the method used for assessing the adequacy of each husbandry system are presented as well.Proizvodnja mlijeka na privatnim farmama goveda u Sloveniji je značajna gospodarska djelatnost, koja je zbog uvođenja evropskih propisa doživjela značajne promijene. Zdravlje i dobrobit krava predstavljaju osnovne uvjete za kakvoću mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda a uz to su i značajni činjenici zdravlja čovjeka. U radu su predstavljeni aktualni standardi o dobrobiti domaćih životinja, značajne europske aktivnosti na području dobrobiti i rezultati analiziranog stanja na užem području sjeverno-istočne Slovenije. Praćeno je i analizirano 10 privatnih farmi sa slobodnim uzgojem krava muzara i 10 s uzgojem na vezu. Ocijenjena je kvaliteta uzgoja prema austrijskoj metodi ANI, koja predstavlja mjerilo za ocjenu primjerenosti uzgoja na temelju sustava bodova. Ocijenjeno je svih pet utjecajnih područja značajnih za dobrobit životinja i to: sloboda kretanja, socijalni kontakti, stanje podova, osvjetljenje, ventilacija, buka te kvaliteta skrbi za životinje. Ocijenjena je adekvatnost uzgoja i napravljena usporedba između slobodnog i vezanog načina uzgoja. Analizirano je zdravstveno stanje pregledanih životinja i predstavljen opseg bolesti, tehnopatija i ozljeda, uzroci za izlučivanje krava muzara i sastav stada na istraživanim farmama krajem 2009 godine. Predstavljene su prednosti i nedostaci metode za ocjenjivanje kvalitete uzgoja životinja

Treatment of disseminated rectal carcinoma with immunotherapy

Rak debelega črevesa in danke je med najpogostejšimi raki. Ob postavitvi diagnoze ima 23 % bolnikov razsejano obliko bolezni, 5-letno čisto preživetje bolnikov z razsejano boleznijo je 9 %. Z imunoterapijo lahko pri tumorjih z mutacijami v MMR (mismatch repair) genih oziroma visoko mikrosatelitno nestabilnostjo (MSI-H) dosežemo dolgotrajen odgovor na zdravljenje. V nadaljevanju je predstavljen primer bolnika na zdravljenju s pembrolizumabom, pri katerem smo dosegli regres bolezni.Colorectal cancer is among the most common cancers. At diagnosis, 23% of patients have disseminated form of the disease, the 5-year net survival of patients with disseminated disease is 9%. With immunotherapy in tumors with mutations in MMR (mismatch repair) genes or high microsatellites instability (MSI-H), we can achieve a long-term response to treatment. We present a case report of a patient treated with pembrolizumab, in whom we achieved disease regression

Differences in Carcass and Meat Quality between Organically Reared Cocks and Capons

The aim of the present study was to compare carcass and meat quality traits of ecologically reared capons and cocks. The experiment comprised 60 layer-type Slovenian hybrid Prelux-G chickens. Half of the animals were caponized at the age of 52 days (app. 0.5 kg body mass) and another half were left entire males. All chickens were reared on the same farm respecting requirements for ecological farming. Chickens were fed commercial feed mixtures combined with the free access to pasture. After the slaughter (185 days), the chickens were dissected and main carcass parts were weighed. Meat quality (pH, colour, water-holding capacity) and chemical composition (protein, water, intramuscular fat) were determined. Birds of both groups had similar weight of carcass and body parts, except for weight of the thighs with drumsticks and off al weight, which were significantly lower in capons. The main differences in carcass traits appeared in the abdominal fat tissue. Capons had more abdominal fat. Meat physico-chemical characteristics (pH, drip loss) were similar in both groups, except for the colour. Capons had lighter (higher Minolta L*value) and less red (lower Minolta a* value) colour of meat as cocks. There was no difference between capons and cocks in the content of muscle proteins, water and intramuscular fat

PASTURE AS THE MOST FAVOURABLE KIND OF FATTENING OF YOUNG CATTLE IN THE NORTH-EAST SLOVENIA

Rad obuhvaća iskustva i rezultate višegodišnjeg projekta prirodnog tova volova na manjim seoskim gospodarstvima u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Slovenije. U okviru očekivanih rezultata i ciljeva projekta analizirano je gospodarenje na travnjačkim površinama poljoprivrednih gospodarstava s osvrtom na analizu utjecaja tova goveda i opskrbe pašnjaka te florističke karakteristike i biološku raznolikost. Rezultati prikazuju primjenu tehnologije tova volova simentalske pasmine na ispaši i usporedbu s intenzivnim tovom bikova iste pasmine, postignute parametre rasta, klaoničke vrijednosti, analizu ekonomičnosti i prodaje. Cilj istraživanja bila je analiza klaoničkih vrijednosti volova u ekstenzivnom držanju (VE) različite starosti u vrijeme kastracije (210 dana) te bikova u intenzivnom uzgoju (IB). Volovi iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja zaklani su u dobi od 23 mjeseca, bikovi u dobi od 17 mjeseci. Sve desne ohlađene polovice bile su rasječene između 7. i 8. rebra na prednju i zadnju četvrt, zatim su četvrti rasječene u pojedinačne tjelesne dijelove, koji su podijeljeni na meso, masno tkivo, tetive, kosti i na kraju je sve izvagano. Volovi IB imali su statistički signifikantno veću tjelesnu masu za vrijeme klanja u usporedbi VE (664 ± 41 kg; 562 ± 46 kg; P 0,05) različit između promatranih skupina životinja. Volovi skupine EV210 imali su manju masu prednjih i zadnjih četvrti u usporedbi s IB. U prednjoj četvrti nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika (P > 0,05) u postotku mesa između promatranih skupina životinja. IB imali su u zadnjoj četvrti statistički značajno (P 210. Po klasifikaciji EUROP 78,5 % volova svrstano je u klasu R.The research contains experience and results of several years project of sustainable fattening of steers on smalle farms in northeastern regions of Slovenia. In the scope of expected results and aims of the project management of grassland belonging to farmers was analysed with regard to the effect of cattle fattening and grassland maintenance and floral characteristics and biotic diversity. The results show the technology of fattening of steers of the Simental breed on pasture and the comparison with the intensive feeding of bulls of the same breed. Compared are the atained growth parameters, slaughter value, the economic analisys and sale. The aim of the research was to analise the slaughter value of steers in extensive breeding (VE) of different age in the time of castration (210 days) and of bulls in intensive breeding (IB). The steers from the extensive breeding were slaughtered at the age of 23 months and bulls at the age of 17 months. All right cold halves were chopped between the 7th and 8th rib into the front and the hind quarter, then the quarters were chopped into individual body parts, which were divided into meat, fat tisue, sinew, bones and in the end everything was weighed. IB had statistically significantly greater body mass at the time of slaughtering in comparison to VE (664 ± 41 kg; 562 ± 46, P 0,05) differ between researched groups of animals. The steers in group EV210 had a lower body mass and in the front and hind quarters no statistically significant differences were found (P 210. After EUROP classification 78,5 % of steers were in class R

Chitin-Binding Protein of Verticillium nonalfalfae Disguises Fungus from Plant Chitinases and Suppresses Chitin-Triggered Host Immunity

During fungal infections, plant cells secrete chitinases, which digest chitin in the fungal cell walls. The recognition of released chitin oligomers via lysin motif (LysM)-containing immune host receptors results in the activation of defense signaling pathways. We report here that Verticillium nonalfalfae, a hemibiotrophic xylem-invading fungus, prevents these digestion and recognition processes by secreting a carbohydrate-binding motif 18 (CBM18)-chitin-binding protein, VnaChtBP, which is transcriptionally activated specifically during the parasitic life stages. VnaChtBP is encoded by the Vna8.213 gene, which is highly conserved within the species, suggesting high evolutionary stability and importance for the fungal lifestyle. In a pathogenicity assay, however, Vna8.213 knockout mutants exhibited wilting symptoms similar to the wild-type fungus, suggesting that Vna8.213 activity is functionally redundant during fungal infection of hop. In a binding assay, recombinant VnaChtBP bound chitin and chitin oligomers in vitro with submicromolar affinity and protected fungal hyphae from degradation by plant chitinases. Moreover, the chitin-triggered production of reactive oxygen species from hop suspension cells was abolished in the presence of VnaChtBP, indicating that VnaChtBP also acts as a suppressor of chitin-triggered immunity. Using a yeast-two-hybrid assay, circular dichroism, homology modeling, and molecular docking, we demonstrated that VnaChtBP forms dimers in the absence of ligands and that this interaction is stabilized by the binding of chitin hexamers with a similar preference in the two binding sites. Our data suggest that, in addition to chitin-binding LysM (CBM50) and Avr4 (CBM14) fungal effectors, structurally unrelated CBM18 effectors have convergently evolved to prevent hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall against plant chitinases and to interfere with chitin-triggered host immunity.</p

Differences in Carcass and Meat Quality between Organically Reared Cocks and Capons

The aim of the present study was to compare carcass and meat quality traits of ecologically reared capons and cocks. The experiment comprised 60 layer-type Slovenian hybrid Prelux-G chickens. Half of the animals were caponized at the age of 52 days (app. 0.5 kg body mass) and another half were left entire males. All chickens were reared on the same farm respecting requirements for ecological farming. Chickens were fed commercial feed mixtures combined with the free access to pasture. After the slaughter (185 days), the chickens were dissected and main carcass parts were weighed. Meat quality (pH, colour, water-holding capacity) and chemical composition (protein, water, intramuscular fat) were determined. Birds of both groups had similar weight of carcass and body parts, except for weight of the thighs with drumsticks and off al weight, which were significantly lower in capons. The main differences in carcass traits appeared in the abdominal fat tissue. Capons had more abdominal fat. Meat physico-chemical characteristics (pH, drip loss) were similar in both groups, except for the colour. Capons had lighter (higher Minolta L*value) and less red (lower Minolta a* value) colour of meat as cocks. There was no difference between capons and cocks in the content of muscle proteins, water and intramuscular fat

Cetuksimab : dnevnik s praktičnimi navodili za bolnike z rakom debelega črevesa in danke

Knjižica je namenjena vsem, ki ste zboleli za napredovalim rakom debelega črevesa in danke. Vaš zdravnik onkolog vam za zdravljenje razsejane bolezni lahko predlaga zdravilo cetuksimab, ki se pri začetnem zdravljenju uporablja v kombinaciji z različnimi shemami kemoterapije, v poznejših linijah zdravljenja bolezni pa lahko tudi samostojno