Comprensión lectora: baterías y técnicas para su evaluación

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primària. Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic: 2016/2017En la actualidad, la lectura es el proceso por el cual, el ser humano adquiere conocimiento, contrasta información o plasma sus propios pensamientos. Por ello, la competencia lectora es la capacidad para dar sentido a los textos y para usarlos con diferentes finalidades. Para dicha adquisición de conocimientos mediante los diferentes tipos de textos, el ser humano tiene que tener una desarrollada competencia lectora, puesto que, si existen deficiencias en algún proceso de la competencia: descifrado de letras, comprensión o en el procesamiento. El lector tendrá dificultades para exprimir toda la información posible de un texto. Para evitar esas deficiencias, es muy importante, no pasar por alto la enseñanza de todos los procesos cognitivos que intervienen en la lectura. Estando pendientes para prevenir cualquier dificultad y corregirla antes de que el alumno/a se incorpore a la educación secundaria. Puesto que, en un centro secundario no se presta atención a la potenciación de la competencia lectora. La existencia de pruebas estandarizadas a nivel mundial como PIRLS y PISA focaliza más el valor de la competencia lectora en el mundo, porque consideran que saber leer es mucho más que saber reconocer grafías y palabras. Como plasmó Cassany, Luna y Sanz (1994:193) “la lectura es uno de los aprendizajes más importantes, indiscutidos e indiscutibles… ¡Son tantas las cosas obligatorias que solamente se pueden hacer leyendo y escribiendo! Burocracia, leyes, trabajo, ocio o vivienda”

Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of α‑(Trifluoromethyl)arylmethylamines

Trifluoromethyl­acetaldimines, generated in situ from the corresponding <i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-acetals, undergo 1,2-addition of arylboroxines under palladium(II) catalysis to generate a variety of α-(trifluoro­methyl)­aryl­methyl­amines with good to high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). The pyridine-oxazolidine (PyOX) class of ligands was found to be particularly suitable for this transformation, which proceeds without exclusion of ambient air and moisture

Nickel-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylcyanation for the Synthesis of 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles

A nickel-catalyzed arylcyanation reaction for the synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles has been developed. This method features a bench-stable precatalyst system and serves as an economical alternative to the existing palladium-catalyzed arylcyanations described to date. A wide scope of oxindole products were accessible in moderate to good yields, and the rich chemistry of the newly installed nitrile functional group was demonstrated in the synthesis of various oxindole derivatives

Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Alkynylation/Aldol Cyclization Cascade for the Formation of α‑Propargyl-β-hydroxyketones

A rhodium-catalyzed conjugate alkynylation/aldol cyclization cascade was developed. Densely functionalized cyclic α-propargyl-β-hydroxyketones were synthesized with simultaneous formation of a C­(sp)–C­(sp³) bond, a C­(sp³)–C­(sp³) bond, as well as three new contiguous stereocenters. The transformation was achieved with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities using BINAP as the ligand. The synthetic utility of the newly installed alkynyl moiety was exhibited by subjecting the products to an array of derivatizations

Synthesis of Pyridobenzazepines Using a One-Pot Rh/Pd-Catalyzed Process

In recent years, our group has been developing multicatalytic reactions for the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocyclic compounds. An efficient dual-metal catalyzed reaction of electron-deficient <i>o</i>-chlorovinylpyridines with <i>o</i>-aminophenylboronic esters to access pyridobenzazepines is described. Combining a Rh^I-catalyzed arylation followed by a Pd⁰-catalyzed C–N coupling, in a one-pot procedure, provides a simplified method to access heterocycles without workup and purification after each step. The substrate scope encompasses a variety of <i>N</i>-H and <i>N</i>-alkylated pyridobenzazepine variants with yields up to 93%

Rapid Assembly of Unsymmetrically Linked Bis-heterocycles via Palladium Domino Catalysis

A palladium-catalyzed domino reaction of alkene-tethered oxime esters is reported. This transformation uses an air-stable palladium precatalyst that initiates a Narasaka–Heck reaction, that is interrupted with a Pd(II)-promoted cyclization. Through this methodology, a novel class of unsymmetrical alkyl-linked bis-heterocycles were synthesized in yields up to 99%. The reaction is scalable up to 1.0 mmol, with simplified purification steps. This transformation expands the scope of accessible bis-heterocycles available through Narasaka–Heck reactions beyond C–H activation and direct anionic capture termination steps

Metal–Ligand Binding Interactions in Rhodium/Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dihydroquinolines

A domino Rh- and Pd-catalyzed synthesis of dihydroquinolines is disclosed. Two metals and two ligands are placed in one reaction vessel along with the two reactive reagents to afford selective sequential coupling despite the potential for side reactions. In this report, we describe mechanistic investigations attempting to discern the catalyst–ligand interactions occurring in this domino reaction. Through these studies, the reactivity and relative catalyst ligand loadings were successfully tuned to efficiently access the heterocyclic products

Enantioselective Rh-Catalyzed Domino Transformations of Alkynylcyclohexadienones with Organoboron Reagents

A new enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed domino reaction is described that gives access to fused heterocycles by desymmetrization of alkyne-tethered cyclohexadienones. Two new C–C bonds and two stereocenters are formed in one step with good enantioselectivity. In contrast to prior reports, it was found that a vinylidene is not involved in the product formation but that <i>syn</i>-addition of the rhodium-aryl species onto the alkyne takes place

Metal–Ligand Binding Affinity vs Reactivity: Qualitative Studies in Rh(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring-Opening Reactions

Rh(I)-catalyzed asymmetric ring opening (ARO) of oxabenzonorbornadiene is used as a model system to qualitatively study reactions involving multiple metal–ligand interactions. The key feature of this approach is the use of product <i>ee</i> as an indicator to quickly gain important information such as the relative ligand binding affinity and relative reactivity of catalysts

Development of an Intramolecular Aryne Ene Reaction and Application to the Formal Synthesis of (±)-Crinine

A general and high yielding annulation strategy for the synthesis of various carbo- and heterocycles, based on an intramolecular aryne ene reaction is described. It was found that the geometry of the olefin is crucial to the success of the reaction, with exclusive migration of the <i>trans</i>-allylic-H taking place. Furthermore, the electronic nature of the aryne was found to be important to the success of the reaction. Deuterium labeling studies and DFT calculations provided insight into the reaction mechanism. The data suggests a concerted asynchronous transition state, resembling a nucleophilic attack on the aryne. This strategy was successfully applied to the formal synthesis of the ethanophenanthridine alkaloid (±)-crinine