Compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante de extratos da casca do umbu (spondias tuberosa arruda) obtidos por diferentes técnicas

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2015.O umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda), fruto endêmico do semiárido nordestino, adaptado a sobreviver e a produzir sob condições de estresse hídrico, é uma espécie frutífera de grande importância econômica, social e ecológica para esta região. Explorado normalmente de forma extrativista, os frutos são comercializados para consumo in natura ou industrialização e como consequência deste processamento, surgem os resíduos agroindustriais e a necessidade de seu aproveitamento, uma vez que quantidade considerável de biocompostos pode estar presente nesses resíduos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar a composição e atividade antioxidante de extratos de cascas de umbu desidratadas, obtidos por extrações à baixa pressão sem uso de enzimas, extração supercrítica e extração assistida por enzimas. Os umbus foram adquiridos nos municípios de Petrolina-PE, Moreilândia-PE e Jaguarari-BA em estádio de maturação variando de meio-maduro a maduro. Depois de selecionados foram despolpados e as cascas provenientes deste procedimento foram separadas das sementes para serem submetidas à secagem e moagem. A farinha obtida foi caracterizada físico-quimicamente, separada e classificada granulometricamente. Submetida aos processos de extração à baixa pressão sem uso de enzimas, por meio dos métodos Soxhlet, assistida por ultrassom e maceração utilizando os solventes hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila, etanol e água destilada e também por meio do método hidrodestilação. Submetida à extração supercrítica em diferentes condições de pressão (200, 300 e 400 bar) e temperatura (35, 45 e 55 °C) empregando o solvente dióxido de carbono e também à extração assistida por enzimas utilizando o preparado enzimático Endozym® Pectofruit PR em diferentes concentrações (2, 4, 6 mL.100 kg-1) e tempos de incubação (30, 60 e 90 minutos). A qualidade dos extratos foi avaliada em termos de teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante. Os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos por meio da extração assistida por enzimas, a extração assistida por ultrassom com hexano proporcionou extratos com maior teor de fenólicos totais e maior atividade antioxidante medida pelos métodos de captura radical DPPH e de inibição do radical ABTS. A maior atividade antioxidante medida pelo método de descoloração do sistema ß-caroteno/ácido linoleico foi obtida com a extração supercrítica (400 bar/55 °C). A análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência permitiu a identificação, pelaprimeira vez nos extratos de farinha de cascas de umbu obtidos à baixa pressão sem uso de enzimas de 17 compostos fenólicos, de 8 compostos fenólicos nos extratos obtidos em extração supercrítica e 8 compostos fenólicos nos extratos obtidos em extração assistida por enzimas.Abstract : The umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda), endemic fruit of the semi-arid northeast, adapted to survive and produce under conditions of water stress, is a fruit species of great economic, social and ecological importance in this region. Usually explored in an extractive way, the fruits are marketed for fresh consumption or industrialization and as a result of this processing, agro-industrial waste and the need for its use arise, since considerable amount of biocompounds may be present. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the composition and antioxidant activity of extracts of barks of dried umbus obtained by the low-pressure extraction without the use of enzymes, supercritical extraction and assisted by enzymes extraction. The umbus were purchased in the cities of Petrolina-PE, Moreilândia-PE and Jaguarari-BA in maturation stage ranging from half-ripe to ripe. After selected were pulped and peels from this procedure were separated from seeds to be submitted to drying and grinding. The flour obtained was characterized physico-chemically separate and granulometrically classified. Subjected to extraction processes at low pressure through the Soxhlet method, using ultrasound and macerating the solvents hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water, and hydrodistillation method. Was subjected to supercritical extraction under different conditions of pressure (200, 300 and 400 bar) and temperature (35, 45 and 55 °C) using the solvent carbon dioxide and also to assisted by enzymes extraction using enzymatic preparation Endozym® Pectofruit PR in different doses (2, 4, 6 mL.100 kg-1) and incubation times (30, 60 and 90 minutes). The quality of the extracts was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The highest yields and efficiency ratios were obtained by assisted by enzymes extraction, assisted by ultrasound extraction with hexane gave extracts with higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity measured by the methods of capturing radical DPPH and ABTS radical inhibition. The highest antioxidant activity as measured by the method of discoloration ß-carotene/linoleic acid system was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (400 bar/55 °C). Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography allowed the identification, for the first time in umbus extracts the low pressure without the use of enzymes of 17 phenolic compounds, phenolic compounds 8 in extracts obtained from supercritical extraction and 8 phenolic compounds in the extractsobtained from assisted by enzymes extraction

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

<b>Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de águas minerais consumidas na região metropolitana de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco</b> - DOI: 10.4025/actascihealthsci.v32i1.3837

Águas minerais comercializadas em garrafões de 20 L na região metropolitana de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco foram analisadas microbiologicamente, no período de junho de 2002 a maio de 2003. As dez marcas escolhidas de água mineral foram avaliadas no tocante às bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes, Escherichia coli, Pseudômonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Aeromonas spp. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM). As águas minerais apresentaram contaminação por E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila e A. caviae. Concluiu-se que, de todas as dez marcas analisadas, pelo menos uma amostra de cada marca apresentou-se imprópria para o consumo, por não atender aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor em, no mínimo, duas análises; o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Pseudomonas spp. e de P. aeruginosa foi influenciado pela sazonalidade e a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas; o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e a pesquisa de Aeromonas spp. não sofreram influência significativa da sazonalidade

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de águas minerais consumidas na região metropolitana de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco = Evaluation of the microbiological quality of mineral water consumed in the metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco State

Águas minerais comercializadas em garrafões de 20 L na região metropolitana de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco foram analisadas microbiologicamente, no período de junho de 2002 a maio de 2003. As dez marcas escolhidas de água mineral foram avaliadas no tocante às bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Aeromonas spp. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM). As águas minerais apresentaram contaminação por E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila e A. caviae. Concluiu-se que, de todas as dez marcas analisadas, pelo menos uma amostra de cada marca apresentou-se imprópria para o consumo, por não atender aos parâmetros estabelecidos pela legislação em vigor em, no mínimo, duas análises; o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Pseudomonas spp. e de P. aeruginosa foi influenciado pela sazonalidade e a contagem de bactérias heterotróficas; o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e a pesquisa de Aeromonas spp. não sofreram influência significativa da sazonalidade.<br><br>Mineral water sold in 20 L bottles in the metropolitan area of Recife, Pernambuco State were microbiologically analyzed between June 2002 and May 2003. The ten selected brands of mineral water were evaluated with regard to heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. Data were statistically analyzed using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). Mineral waters showed contamination by the following: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila and A. caviae. It was concluded that of all ten tested brands, at least one sample of each brand was improper for consumption, for not meeting the parameters established by legislation in at least two tests; the Most Probable Number (MPN) for Pseudomonas spp. and P. aeruginosa was influenced by seasonality and the count of heterotrophic bacteria; the Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform and thermotolerants and research of Aeromonas spp. suffered no significant influence of seasonality

Balanço de nitrogênio e estimativas de perdas endógenas em vacas lactantes alimentadas com dietas contendo palma forrageira e teores crescentes de uréia e mandioca - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v28i1.848

The effects of the soybean when replaced by a mixture of urea and cassava, in rations composed of forage cactus, sorghum silage and concentrate, were assessed on: (i) urea concentration; (ii) nitrogen (N) balance; and (iii) total endogenous loss estimate. Eight lactating Holstein/Zebu cows were distributed in two 4x4 simultaneous latin squares. Urea and N-urea concentration in plasma and milk (mg dL-1), and milk N-urea (g day-1) were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration; their means were 31.37, 14.62, 37.43, 17.44, and 5.37, respectively. Also, urea and N-urea urinary excretion were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration, and the mean values of those parameters were 249.45 and 116.24 mg kg-1 LW, respectively. The treatments did not influence N levels, with average values of 87.75, 87.63, 62.91, and 60.97 g day-1 to 0, 1.06, 2.12 e 3.20 % of urea addition in the ration, respectively. The endogenous loss estimate varied according to the nutritional demand system used.Foram avaliados os efeitos da substituição do farelo de soja pela mistura uréia mais mandioca, em rações constituídas de palma, silagem de sorgo e concentrado, sobre concentrações de uréia, balanço de nitrogênio (N) e estimativas de perdas endógenas totais em 8 vacas Girolando em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos simultâneos (4x4). As concentrações de uréia e N-uréico no plasma e leite, em mg/dL e N-uréico no leite (g/dia) não foram afetadas pelo aumento do nível de uréia na ração, apresentando médias de 31,37; 14,62; 37,43; 17,44; 5,37. As excreções urinárias de uréia e N-uréico também não foram influenciadas, com médias de 249,45 e 116,24 mg/kg PV. Igualmente, o balanço de N não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, cujos valores médios foram de 87,75; 87,63; 62,91; 60,97 g/dia, respectivamente, para 0%, 1,00%, 1,90% e 2,86% de uréia na ração. As estimativas das perdas endógenas variaram de acordo com o sistema de exigência nutricional utilizado

Balanço de nitrogênio e estimativas de perdas endógenas em vacas lactantes alimentadas com dietas contendo palma forrageira e teores crescentes de uréia e mandioca = Nitrogen balance and endogenous loss estimate in lactating cows fed with diets of forage cactus and increasing levels of urea and cassava

Foram avaliados os efeitos da substituição do farelo de soja pela mistura uréia mais mandioca, em rações constituídas de palma, silagem de sorgo e concentrado, sobre concentrações de uréia, balanço de nitrogênio (N) e estimativas de perdas endógenas totais em 8 vacas Girolando em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos simultâneos (4x4). As concentrações de uréia e N-uréico no plasma e leite, em mg/dL e N-uréico no leite (g/dia) não foram afetadas pelo aumento do nível de uréia na ração, apresentando médias de 31,37;14,62; 37,43; 17,44; 5,37. As excreções urinárias de uréia e N-uréico também não foram influenciadas, com médias de 249,45 e 116,24 mg/kg PV. Igualmente, o balanço de N não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, cujos valores médios foram de 87,75; 87,63; 62,91; 60,97 g/dia,respectivamente, para 0%, 1,00%, 1,90% e 2,86% de uréia na ração. As estimativas das perdas endógenas variaram de acordo com o sistema de exigência nutricional utilizado.<br><br>The effects of the soybean when replaced by a mixture of urea and cassava, in rations composed of forage cactus, sorghum silage and concentrate, were assessed on: (i) urea concentration; (ii) nitrogen (N) balance; and (iii) total endogenous loss estimate. Eight lactating Holstein/Zebu cows were distributed in two 4x4 simultaneous latin squares. Urea and N-urea concentration in plasma and milk (mg dL-1), and milk N-urea (g day-1) were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration; their means were 31.37, 14.62, 37.43, 17.44, and 5.37, respectively. Also, urea and N-urea urinary excretion were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration, and the mean values of those parameters were 249.45 and 116.24 mg kg-1 LW, respectively. The treatments did not influence N levels, with average values of 87.75, 87.63, 62.91, and 60.97 g day-1 to 0, 1.06, 2.12 e 3.20 % of urea addition in the ration, respectively. The endogenous loss estimate varied according to the nutritional demand system used

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt