P4-kbr: A key-based routing system for p4-programmable networks

Software-defined networking (SDN) architecture has provided well-known advantages in terms of network programmability, initially offering a standard, open, and vendor-agnostic interface (e.g., OpenFlow) to instruct the forwarding behavior of network devices from different vendors. However, in the last few years, data plane programmability has emerged as a promising approach to extend the network management allowing the definition and programming of customized and non-standardized protocols, as well as specific packet processing pipelines. In this paper, we propose an in-network key-based routing protocol called P4-KBR, in which end-points (hosts, contents or services) are identified by virtual identifiers (keys) instead of IP addresses, and where P4 network elements are programmed to be able to route the packets adequately. The proposal was implemented and evaluated using bmv2 P4 switches, verifying how data plane programmability offers a powerful tool to overcome continuing challenges that appear in SDN networks.This work has been funded by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), under project grant AriSe2: FINe, (Ref. PID2020-116329GB-C22 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033)

VNF placement for service function chains with strong low-delay restrictions in edge computing networks

The edge computing paradigm, allowing the location of network services close to end users, defines new network scenarios. One of them considers the existence of micro data centers, with reduced resources but located closer to service requesters, to complement remote cloud data centers. This hierarchical and geo-distributed architecture allows the definition of different time constraints that can be taken into account when mapping services into data centers. This feature is especially useful in the Virtual Network Function (VNF) placement problem, where the network functions composing a Service Function Chain (SFC) may require more or less strong delay restrictions. We propose the ModPG (Modified Priority-based Greedy) heuristic, a VNF placement solution that weighs the latency, bandwidth, and resource restrictions, but also the instantiation cost of VNFs. ModPG is an improved solution of a previous proposal (called PG). Although both heuristics share the same optimization target, that is the reduction of the total substrate resource cost, the ModPG heuristic identifies and solves a limitation of the PG solution: the mapping of sets of SFCs that include a significant proportion of SFC requests with strong low-delay restrictions. Unlike PG heuristic performance evaluation, where the amount of SFC requests with strong low-delay restrictions is not considered as a factor to be analyzed, in this work, both solutions are compared considering the presence of 1%, 15%, and 25% of this type of SFC request. Results show that the ModPG heuristic optimizes the target cost similarly to the original proposal, and at the same time, it offers a better performance when a significant number of low-delay demanding SFC requests are present.This work was supported by the AEI/FEDER, UE Project Grants TEC-2016-76465-C2-1-R (AIM)

Passive In-Band Network Telemetry Systems: The Potential of Programmable Data Plane on Network-Wide Telemetry

In the last few years, the emergence of Programmable Data Planes and the appearance of programming protocol-independent languages such as P4 have offered powerful tools to define new network protocols, as well as to redesign existing network applications and systems. Network telemetry is one of the main areas of interest identified by the P4 Application Working Group. The collection of network-wide, fine-grained network information in real-time is a critical requirement for the design of useful and adequate monitoring tools that can be integrated into complex Operations, Administration Maintenance applications. Recent research has focused on the definition and implementation of in-band monitoring systems, where specifically dedicated monitoring packets are not required. Even though the In-Band Network Telemetry specification proposed by the P4 Language Consortium is the starting point of many of the in-band monitoring systems, this is not the only alternative. Therefore, in this work, we will describe and compare other P4-based in-band passive telemetry proposals.This work was supported by the Research State Agency (RSA)/European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) through the European Union Project under Grant TEC-2016-76465-C2-1-R (AIM)

Evolución de las Comunicaciones Multicast: del nivel de red al nivel de aplicación

La tecnología IP Multicast surgió a finales de la década de los 80 como una solución para las transmisiones de datos desde un servidor hacia un grupo determinado de usuarios. Sin embargo, debido a una serie de razones de índole diversa, su desarrollo no ha sido el esperado en Internet. Como alternativa a esta tecnología ha surgido en los últimos años la tecnología ALM (Application Layer Multicast) que traslada la funcionalidad multicast desde el nivel de red al nivel de aplicación, utilizando para ello algoritmos propios de las redes Overlay. En el grupo de Ingeniería Telemática de la UPCT se ha trabajado en los últimos años tanto con la tecnología IP Multicast como con ALM. Estos trabajos han llevado al diseñno de un protocolo de transporte para IP Multicast y al diseño de una aplicación de compartición de ficheros P2P que utiliza una solución ALM para solucionar algunos de los problemas presentes en este tipo de aplicaciones.Plan Nacional I+D+i- Código: TEC2007-67966-C03-01/TC

An INT-based packet loss monitoring system for data center networks implementing Fine-Grained Multi-Path routing

In-band network telemetry (INT) is a newer network measurement technology that uses normal data packets to collect network information hop-by-hop with low overhead. Since incomplete telemetry data seriously degrades the performance of upper-layer network telemetry applications, it is necessary to consider the own INT packet loss. In response, LossSight, a powerful packet loss monitoring system for INT has been designed, implemented, and made available as open-source. This letter extends the previous work by proposing, implementing, and evaluating LB-LossSight, an improved version compatible with packet-level load-balancing techniques, which are currently used in modern Data Center Networks. Experimental results in a Clos network, one of the most commonly used topologies in today's data centers, confirm the high detection and localization accuracy of the implemented solution.Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), under project grant AriSe2: FINe, (Ref.PID2020-116329GB-C22 founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the project (Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No. ZR2020LZH010)

An INT‐based packet loss monitoring system for data center networks implementing Fine‐Grained Multi‐Path routing

In-band network telemetry (INT) is a newer network measurement technology that uses normal data packets to collect network information hop-by-hop with low overhead. Since incomplete telemetry data seriously degrades the performance of upper-layer network telemetry applications, it is necessary to consider the own INT packet loss. In response, LossSight, a powerful packet loss monitoring system for INT has been designed, implemented, and made available as open-source. This letter extends the previous work by proposing, implementing, and evaluating LB-LossSight, an improved version compatible with packet-level load-balancing techniques, which are currently used in modern Data Center Networks. Experimental results in a Clos network, one of the most commonly used topologies in today's data centers, confirm the high detection and localization accuracy of the implemented solution.Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), under project grant AriSe2: FINe, (Ref.PID2020-116329GB-C22 founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the project (Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No. ZR2020LZH010)

Determination of Aflatoxins by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxins (AFs), which are produced by strains of various species of molds in the genus Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius and A. tamarii) and can grow on many foods, mainly peanuts, maize and cottonseed. AFs are currently considered to be the most hazardous mycotoxins to health, in particular because of their hepatocellular carcinogenic potential. The main aflatoxins are B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) although many other derivatives have been described. In addition, animals consuming contaminated feeds are able to metabolize them by hydroxylation in a certain position, yield for example aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) from AFB1 and AFB2, respectively. Nowadays, only the four main AFs and one hydroxylated metabolite (AFM1) are routinely analyzed. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using Orbitrap or time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysers is a trend for AFs determination, allowing to determine AFs and their derivatives for which there are no commercial standards available, in order to carry out metabolization studies, exposure assessment or monitoring modified AFs in food. The aim of this study is to show the recent trends in analytical methods based on LC-HRMS for determination of AFs

OpenFlow compatible key-based routing protocol: adapting SDN networks to content/service-centric paradigm

The host-to-host/content/service communication instead of the host-to-host communication offered by traditional Internet Protocol (IP) routing solutions has been demanded in the last few years. Nowadays, getting this type of communication directly at network level is an increasing demand in the framework of new networking scenarios, such as Internet of Things and data center scenarios. Inspired by Key-Based Routing (KBR) solutions which, in conjunction with Distributed Hash Tables, have offered a way of providing content-sharing solutions in overlay networks on the top of the Internet for years now, we propose OFC-KBR (OpenFlow Compatible Key-Based Routing) solution. OFC-KBR is a key-based routing solution directly implemented at network layer that makes use of the potential of Software Defined Networking. In this solution, end-points are identified by virtual identifiers. These virtual identifiers are obtained from a descriptive textual name, whose format is not fixed and can be defined depending on the requirements of the service that is going to use the proposed OFC-KBR solution. OFC-KBR is totally compatible with the current OpenFlow standard and can co-exist with other L2/L3 protocols. The proposal has been implemented and evaluated by simulation considering real topologies.This research has been supported by the AEI/FEDER, UE Project Grant TEC2016-76465-C2-1-R (AIM). Adrian Flores de la Cruz also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness for the FPI (BES-2014-069097) pre-doctoral fellowship

Gestión de sistemas P2P mediante redes overlay estructuradas

En este artículo se presenta una nueva red híbrida P2P. Todos los nodos están inmersos en una red overlay estructurada, que no se utiliza para localizar contenidos, sino para organizar dinámicamente los nodos en una arquitectura jerárquica, que permita la localización de los contenidos de una forma fácil y eficiente. Las figuras de merito del sistema propuesto son evaluadas mediante simulación.Dirección General de Innovación Tecnológica y Sociedad de la Información de la Consejería de Industria y Medio Ambiente de la Región de Murcia,y fondos FEDER de la Unión Europea