La codificación, la descodificación y la recodificación: el recorrido histórico del Código Civil

Trabajo de investigación: Área de Derecho PrivadoLa codificación, la descodificación y la Recodificación fueron unos movimientos jurídicos que ayudaron al desarrollo sistemático, coherente y organizado de las relaciones jurídicas de las personas, y al mismo tiempo, permitieron ajustar, profundizar y aplicar los avances al Código Civil con el fin de garantizar el orden, la confianza, la paz y la seguridad mediante el desarrollo de sus derechos y obligaciones. Esta propuesta permite conocer cómo se ha desarrollado estos movimientos jurídicos en occidente, y cómo, en el caso colombiano, ha entrado la necesidad de mejorar su sistema jurídico para que cada día sea más incluyente, que beneficie a todas las personas que habitan su territorio y sobre todo la capacidad de abrirse a los nuevos escenarios internacionales.PregradoAbogad

Characterising Land Holding Size Distributions in a Forest Reserve

This paper intends to characterise the land holding distributions in a Multi-Agent Based Simulation (MABS) model inspired by the Caparo Forest Reserve, in Venezuela. This forest has been highly intervened with and seriously altered by opportunistic, nomadic, land-seeking colonists. The distribution of land holding results from a process of land encroachment, allowed by a weak state showing ambiguous behaviour and regulations, permitting the rise of a land market in the forest area. A thorough understanding of this process is achieved by, first, modelling and simulating individual landowner\'s decision-making regarding land occupation, and secondly, characterising the collective land occupation process in the simulation model. The size distribution of land holding appears to be exponential rather than power law, as was initially expected. The paper not only explores whether leptokurtic distributions emerge in this complex social environment but also tries to identify the specific mechanisms and model assumptions that lead to these sorts of distributions, instead of alternative ones. Additionally, this paper relates these mechanisms to market structures and interactions, in order to give the results a richer real-world interpretation.Land-Use Modelling, Leptokurtic Distributions, Forest Reserves, MABS Applications

Allozyme and RAPD variation in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Stock structure of eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna was investigated by analyzing allozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) from 10 samples of 20–30 individuals each, collected between 1994 and 1996 from fishing vessels operating in the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) yellowfin regulatory area (CYRA). Allozyme analysis resolved 28 loci, eight of which were polymorphic under the 0.95 criterion: Aat-S*, Glud, Gpi-F*, Gpi-S*, La, Lgg, Pap-F*, and 6-Pgd, resulting in a mean heterozygosity over all allozyme loci of H = 0.052. Four polymorphic RAPD loci were selected for analysis, resulting in a mean heterozygosity of H = 0.43. Eight of 45 pairwise comparisons of allozyme allele frequencies among the ten samples showed significant differences after correction for multiple testing (P0.05) revealed little population structure among samples. Mantel tests demonstrated that the genetic relationships among samples did not correspond to an isolation-by-distance model for either class of marker. Four of eight comparisons of coastal and offshore samples revealed differences of allele frequencies at the Gpi-F* locus (P0.001). Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the CYRA yellowfin tuna samples comprise a single genetic stock, although gene flow appears to be greater among coastal samples than between coastal and offshore samples

Manuel Jaimes Gonzales y su obra

Resumen Nació en Bucaramanga (Santander, Colombia) el 15 de junio de 1965. Realizó estudios de dibujo, pintura, teoría del color y filosofía del arte en el estudio del maestro Mario Hernández Prada en Girón, en los años 1984 a 1988

Phylogeography and historical demography of the Pacific Sierra mackerel (Scomberomorus sierra) in the Eastern Pacific

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Testing connectivity among populations of exploited marine fish is a main concern for the development of conservation strategies. Even though marine species are often considered to display low levels of population structure, barriers to dispersal found in the marine realm may restrict gene flow and cause genetic divergence of populations. The Pacific Sierra mackerel (<it>Scomberomorus sierra</it>) is a pelagic fish species distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific. Seasonal spawning in different areas across the species range, as well as a limited dispersal, may result in a population genetic structure. Identification of genetically discrete units is important in the proper conservation of the fishery.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Samples collected from the Eastern Pacific, including the areas of main abundance of the species, presented high levels of mtDNA genetic diversity and a highly significant divergence. At least two genetically discrete groups were detected in the northern (Sinaloa) and central areas (Oaxaca and Chiapas) of the species range, exhibiting slight genetic differences with respect to the samples collected in the southern region (Peru), together with a "chaotic genetic patchiness" pattern of differentiation and no evidence of isolation by distance. Historical demographic parameters supported the occurrence of past population expansions, whereas the divergence times between populations coincided with the occurrence of glacial maxima some 220 000 years ago.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The population genetic structure detected for the Pacific Sierra mackerel is associated with a limited dispersal between the main abundance areas that are usually linked to the spawning sites of the species. Population expansions have coincided with glacial-interglacial episodes in the Pleistocene, but they may also be related to the increase in the SST and with upwelling areas in the EEP since the early Pleistocene.</p

Evolution of the school failure risk during the 2000 decade in Spain: analysis of Pisa results with a two-level logistic model

School failure has been one of the principal problems of the Spanish educational system during recent decades. This paper offers a perspective of the evolution of the factors that have had a significant influence over the risk of school failure considerin personal, household and school characteristics through multilevel logistic regression analyses of PISA 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 microdata

Asociación de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis con el diagnóstico de cervicitis aguda

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most frequent sexually transmitted disease in the world causing heightened morbidity in women. Currently there are few studies about its prevalence in our population; therefore, the implementation of a pilot study about its frequency in women with and without acute cervicitis is necessary. Objective: Determine the association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the diagnosis of acute cervicitis in the consulting women in both the outpatient and inpatient services of the Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS). Method: Case control study including 284 patients of adult age, non-pregnant and without menses who consulted HUS. Cases with acute cervicitis diagnosis and routine control ones were considered for the purpose of this study. Endocervical samples and a quick diagnostic method for Chlamydia trachomatis, Bioline Chlamydia SD were applied. Results: Mean age was 32.08 and 28.82 years for cases and controls, mean difference was 3.27, p = 0.001. There were also differences in the evaluation of marital status; 82.40% controls have a marital relationship versus 71.83% cases, p = 0.014; occupation, more students in the cervicitis group, p = 0.020; and alcohol consumption, 21.13% in cervicitis patients versus 11.27% in the control group, p = 0.024. Chlamydia prevalence was 7.04% in controls and 11.97% in cases, p = 0.157. There was no association between acute cervicitis and Chlamydia infection, OR = 1.79 (IC 95% 0.74 &ndash; 4.55). This lack of association persists after adjusting for confusing factors (OR = 1.71, IC 95% 0.72 &ndash; 4.04). In the multivariate analysis only alcohol consumption is associated with acute cervicitis, OR = 4.442 (IC 95% 1.362 &ndash; 14.215). Conclusions: There was no association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and acute cervicitis. Prevalence was similar for both groups; there were no socio-demographic differences. Only alcohol consumption was associated with bacterial colonization and acute cervicitis. [Jaimes-Bravo JM. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with the Diagnosis of Acute Cervicitis. MedUNAB 2015; 18(2):116-124]Introducci&oacute;n: la infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia trachomatis es la enfermedad de transmisi&oacute;n sexual m&aacute;s frecuente en el mundo y causa una importante morbilidad en las mujeres. Actualmente existen pocos estudios sobre su prevalencia en nuestra poblaci&oacute;n, por lo que se hace pertinente la implementaci&oacute;n de un estudio piloto que aporte informaci&oacute;n sobre su frecuencia en mujeres asintom&aacute;ticas y con cervicitis aguda. Objetivo: determinar la asociaci&oacute;n existente entra la infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia trachomatis y la presencia de cervicitis aguda en la poblaci&oacute;n consultante a los servicios de urgencias y consulta externa del Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS). Metodolog&iacute;a: estudio de casos y controles en el cual se incluyeron 284 pacientes mayores de edad, no embarazadas y que no estuvieran menstruando, atendidas en el HUS. Se tomaron como casos las pacientes con diagn&oacute;stico de cervicitis aguda y controles aquellas sin el mismo. En los dos grupos se realiz&oacute; un frotis endocervical al cual se aplic&oacute; un m&eacute;todo de diagn&oacute;stico r&aacute;pido para infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia trachomatis, Bioline Chlamydia SD&reg;. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 32.08 y 28.82 para casos y controles, con una diferencia promedio de 3.27, p = 0.001. Tambi&eacute;n hubo diferencias al evaluar estado civil; 82.40% de los controles tiene un v&iacute;nculo marital frente al 71.83% de los casos, p = 0.014; ocupaci&oacute;n, m&aacute;s estudiantes en el grupo de cervicitis que en los casos, p = 0.020; y consumo de alcohol, 21.13% de pacientes con cervicitis, contra 11.27% de los controles, p = 0.024. La prevalencia de infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia en los controles fue de 7.04% y 11.97% en los casos, p = 0.157. Al buscar una asociaci&oacute;n entre cervicitis aguda y la infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia esta no se encuentra, OR = 1.79 (IC 95% 0.74 &ndash; 4.55). Esta falta se asociaci&oacute;n se mantiene luego de ajustar los potenciales factores confusores (OR = 1.71, IC 95% 0.72 &ndash; 4.04). En el an&aacute;lisis multivariado solo el consumo de alcohol persiste asociado con la presencia de cervicitis, OR = 4.442 (IC 95% 1.362 &ndash; 14.215). Conclusiones: no se encontr&oacute; asociaci&oacute;n entre la infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia trachomatis y el diagn&oacute;stico de cervicitis aguda. Se encontr&oacute; una prevalencia similar en los dos grupos, adem&aacute;s no se encontraron diferencias sociodemogr&aacute;ficas. El &uacute;nico factor de riesgo con una asociaci&oacute;n fuerte para colonizaci&oacute;n por la bacteria y cervicitis aguda fue la historia de consumo de alcohol. [Jaimes-Bravo JM. Asociaci&oacute;n de infecci&oacute;n por Chlamydia trachomatis con el diagn&oacute;stico de cervicitis aguda. MedUNAB 2015; 18 (2): 116-124

Associação da infecção de Chlamydia trachomatis com o diagnóstico de cervicite aguda

la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis es la enfermedad de transmisión sexual más frecuente en el mundo y causa una importante morbilidad en las mujeres. Actualmente existen pocos estudios sobre su prevalencia en nuestra población, por lo que se hace pertinente la implementación de un estudio piloto que aporte información sobre su frecuencia en mujeres asintomáticas y con cervicitis aguda. Objetivo: determinar la asociación existente entra la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y la presencia de cervicitis aguda en la población consultante a los servicios de urgencias y consulta externa del Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS). Metodología: estudio de casos y controles en el cual se incluyeron 284 pacientes mayores de edad, no embarazadas y que no estuvieran menstruando, atendidas en el HUS. Se tomaron como casos las pacientes con diagnóstico de cervicitis aguda y controles aquellas sin el mismo. En los dos grupos se realizó un frotis endocervical al cual se aplicó un método de diagnóstico rápido para infección por Chlamydia trachomatis, Bioline Chlamydia SD&reg;. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 32.08 y 28.82 para casos y controles, con una diferencia promedio de 3.27, p = 0.001. También hubo diferencias al evaluar estado civil; 82.40% de los controles tiene un vínculo marital frente al 71.83% de los casos, p = 0.014; ocupación, más estudiantes en el grupo de cervicitis que en los casos, p = 0.020; y consumo de alcohol, 21.13% de pacientes con cervicitis, contra 11.27% de los controles, p = 0.024. La prevalencia de infección por Chlamydia en los controles fue de 7.04% y 11.97% en los casos, p = 0.157. Al buscar una asociación entre cervicitis aguda y la infección por Chlamydia esta no se encuentra, OR = 1.79 (IC 95% 0.74 &ndash; 4.55). Esta falta se asociación se mantiene luego de ajustar los potenciales factores confusores (OR = 1.71, IC 95% 0.72 &ndash; 4.04). En el análisis multivariado solo el consumo de alcohol persiste asociado con la presencia de cervicitis, OR = 4.442 (IC 95% 1.362 &ndash; 14.215). Conclusiones: no se encontró asociación entre la infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y el diagnóstico de cervicitis aguda. Se encontró una prevalencia similar en los dos grupos, además no se encontraron diferencias sociodemográficas. El único factor de riesgo con una asociación fuerte para colonización por la bacteria y cervicitis aguda fue la historia de consumo de alcohol. [Jaimes-Bravo JM. Asociación de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis con el diagnóstico de cervicitis aguda. MedUNAB 2015; 18 (2): 116-124]Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most frequent sexually transmitted disease in the world causing heightened morbidity in women. Currently there are few studies about its prevalence in our population; therefore, the implementation of a pilot study about its frequency in women with and without acute cervicitis is necessary. Objective: Determine the association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the diagnosis of acute cervicitis in the consulting women in both the outpatient and inpatient services of the Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS). Method: Case control study including 284 patients of adult age, non-pregnant and without menses who consulted HUS. Cases with acute cervicitis diagnosis and routine control ones were considered for the purpose of this study. Endocervical samples and a quick diagnostic method for Chlamydia trachomatis, Bioline Chlamydia SD were applied. Results: Mean age was 32.08 and 28.82 years for cases and controls, mean difference was 3.27, p = 0.001. There were also differences in the evaluation of marital status; 82.40% controls have a marital relationship versus 71.83% cases, p = 0.014; occupation, more students in the cervicitis group, p = 0.020; and alcohol consumption, 21.13% in cervicitis patients versus 11.27% in the control group, p = 0.024. Chlamydia prevalence was 7.04% in controls and 11.97% in cases, p = 0.157. There was no association between acute cervicitis and Chlamydia infection, OR = 1.79 (IC 95% 0.74 &ndash; 4.55). This lack of association persists after adjusting for confusing factors (OR = 1.71, IC 95% 0.72 &ndash; 4.04). In the multivariate analysis only alcohol consumption is associated with acute cervicitis, OR = 4.442 (IC 95% 1.362 &ndash; 14.215). Conclusions: There was no association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and acute cervicitis. Prevalence was similar for both groups; there were no socio-demographic differences. Only alcohol consumption was associated with bacterial colonization and acute cervicitis. [Jaimes-Bravo JM. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with the Diagnosis of Acute Cervicitis. MedUNAB 2015; 18(2):116-124

Mario Hernández Prada y su obra

Trasegar por más de cincuenta años por los caminos del arte ha sido para Mario Hernández Prada la forma de dejar su huella en la tierra. Si bien todas las obras de los hombres son sólo ínfimos rasguños en el espaciotiempo, el paso del Maestro se sintió con fuerza en nuestra región