Sodium salicylate during the first 7 days of lactation affects the entire lactation

Inflammation has been proposed as a contributor to metabolic disorders in transition dairy cows. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sodium salicylate (SS), benefits transition cows. At calving, 78 cows [primiparous (1P) n = 39; 2nd lactation (2P) n = 24; ≥3 lactations (3P) n = 15] were assigned alternately to either a control or SS treatment for 7 days and production responses were evaluated through the entire lactation. Treatment was administered via individual water bowls, delivering a mean of 123 ± 5.5 (mean ± standard deviation) grams salicylate per day during the 7 days of treatment. Cows were followed throughout the lactation by monthly milk yield and component testing, and the effects of treatment on the risk of leaving the herd and on normalized 305-day milk, fat, and protein yields were determined by Fisher\u27s exact test and mixed model analysis, respectively. Treatment influenced both 305-day milk and fat yields differently across parities. Milk yield was increased by 17% in 3P SS cows (4,374 ± 1,549 lb greater for 3P SS cows). Primiparous SS cows tended to produce 2,155 ± 824 lb less 305-day milk than control cows; no differences were detected for 2P cows. Furthermore, 3P SS cows produced 285 ± 50 lb more 305-day milk fat and tended to produce 108 ± 40 lb more 305-day milk protein. No effects were detected in 1P or 2P cows. A treatment by parity interaction was observed for the risk of leaving the herd where 1P cows treated with SS tended to have a greater risk of leaving the herd than controls (30% vs. 6% risk). Treatment did not alter herd retention in 2P or 3P groups, and SS had no effect on the risk of leaving the herd overall. Results indicate that SS has long-term effects on lactation characteristics of aged cows, particularly on fat metabolism, but has potential negative effects for primiparous cows.; Dairy Day, 2012, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2012; Dairy Research, 2012 is known as Dairy Day, 201

Perceptions de l'implantation d'un contrat de classe collaboratif sur le climat d'apprentissage en espagnol langue tierce

<p>Dietary choline can impact systemic immunity, but it remains unclear whether this is primarily via direct impacts on immune cells or secondary effects of altered metabolic function. To determine whether increased choline concentrations (3.2, 8.2, 13.2 μM) in cell culture alter the function of bovine innate and adaptive immune cells, we isolated cells from dairy cows in early and mid-lactation as models of immuno-compromised and competent cells, respectively. Phagocytic and killing capacity of isolated neutrophils were linearly diminished with increasing doses of choline. In contrast, lymphocyte proliferation was linearly enhanced with increasing doses of choline. Furthermore, increasing doses of choline increased the mRNA abundance of genes involved in the synthesis of choline products (betaine, phosphatidylcholine, and acetylcholine) as well as muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in a quadratic and linear fashion for neutrophils and monocytes, respectively. Phagocytic and killing capacity of neutrophils and proliferation of lymphocytes were not affected by stage of lactation or its interaction with choline or LPS. In neutrophils from early lactation cows, choline linearly increased the mRNA abundance of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors, whereas choline-supplemented monocytes from mid-lactation cows linearly increased the mRNA abundance of several genes coding for choline metabolism enzymes. These data demonstrate that choline regulates the inflammatory response of immune cells and suggest that the mechanism may involve one or more of its metabolic products.</p

Anti-inflammatory salicylate treatment alters the metabolic adaptations to lactation in dairy cattle

Citation:Farney, J. K., Mamedova, L. K., Coetzee, J. F., KuKanich, B., Sordillo, L. M., Stoakes, S. K., … Bradford, B. J. (2013). Anti-inflammatory salicylate treatment alters the metabolic adaptations to lactation in dairy cattle. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 305(2), R110–R117. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00152.2013Adapting to the lactating state requires metabolic adjustments in multiple tissues, especially in the dairy cow, which must meet glucose demands that can exceed 5 kg/day in the face of negligible gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These challenges are met through the process of homeorhesis, the alteration of metabolic setpoints to adapt to a shift in physiological state. To investigate the role of inflammation-associated pathways in these homeorhetic adaptations, we treated cows with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate (SS) for the first 7 days of lactation. Administration of SS decreased liver TNF-α mRNA and marginally decreased plasma TNF-α concentration, but plasma eicosanoids and liver NF-κB activity were unaltered during treatment. Despite the mild impact on these inflammatory markers, SS clearly altered metabolic function. Plasma glucose concentration was decreased by SS, but this was not explained by a shift in hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression or by altered milk lactose secretion. Insulin concentrations decreased in SS-treated cows on day 7 compared with controls, which was consistent with the decline in plasma glucose concentration. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) was then used to assess whether altered insulin sensitivity may have influenced glucose utilization rate with SS. The RQUICKI estimate of insulin sensitivity was significantly elevated by SS on day 7, coincident with the decline in plasma glucose concentration. Salicylate prevented postpartum insulin resistance, likely causing excessive glucose utilization in peripheral tissues and hypoglycemia. These results represent the first evidence that inflammation-associated pathways are involved in homeorhetic adaptations to lactation.the transition from late pregnancy to lactation is a time of great physiological stress, especially for the dairy cow. The decline in feed intake that accompanies parturition, coupled with the rapid increase in energy requirements during lactogenesis, requires a dramatic shift in nutrient fluxes to release stored nutrients and direct them to the mammary gland. This programmed shift in metabolic setpoints is an archetypal example of homeorhesis, defined as the “coordinated changes in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state” (4).Mechanisms underlying homeorhetic adaptions to lactation have been described to some extent. The somatotropic axis is decoupled during this time, resulting in dramatic elevations of plasma growth hormone concentrations without the expected rise in insulin-like growth factor 1 secretion (11, 51). Likewise, insulin sensitivity declines substantially from late gestation (5, 48). These endocrine shifts are critical for promoting the mobilization of stored nutrients and sparing glucose for use by the mammary gland. This conservation of glucose is particularly important in ruminants. The microbes that inhabit the rumen ferment most dietary carbohydrate to volatile fatty acids, leaving very little glucose to be absorbed in the small intestine. As a result, lactating cows absorb almost no glucose from the gastrointestinal tract and must synthesize as much as 5 kg of glucose in the liver daily (2).The homeorhetic adaptations that allow cows to increase milk production to 40 kg/day within days after parturition can stress the metabolic system. Rapid lipolysis can increase plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations by as much as 10-fold within a few days after parturition (21), and both hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia are common, as nutrients are drawn into the mammary gland. Ketosis and fatty liver (FL) are common metabolic diseases that result during this time; in fact, nearly 90% of all metabolic diseases in dairy cattle occur during the first 4 wk of the 305-day lactation (24).Despite their reliance on mobilized lipid as an energy source, dairy cattle entering lactation with greater adipose mass are at greater risk of developing metabolic diseases (34). It has become clear in the past decade that animals with excessive adiposity exhibit a low-grade inflammation (23), suggesting that perhaps inflammation underlies metabolic disturbances in obese dairy cows. In support of this hypothesis, cows with moderate or severe FL have increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (41). Inflammatory cytokines cause myriad metabolic changes in dairy cattle, including anorexia, lipomobilization, impaired insulin sensitivity, and reduced milk yield (7, 26, 27), all of which are associated with FL and ketosis. Furthermore, daily injection of TNF-α for 7 days increased liver triglyceride content independent of effects on feed intake, and this effect was accompanied by changes in hepatic gene expression consistent with both inflammation and a shift from fatty acid oxidation to triglyceride synthesis (8).These recent findings suggest that exogenous inflammatory agents are sufficient to induce metabolic dysfunction. Whether inflammation is a necessary causative factor in the natural progression of bovine FL and ketosis, however, remains unclear. To address this broad question, we used the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sodium salicylate (SS). Sodium salicylate is a weak inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 (31), and its probable mode of action is that it inhibits phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκB-α (53). Phosphorylation of IκB results in its degradation, allowing NF-κB to be released for translocation into the nucleus and subsequent activation of an inflammatory transcription program (3). The specific hypothesis for this study was that SS would slow liver triglyceride accumulation, promote gluconeogenesis, and limit metabolic disease in dairy cows entering lactation. In contrast, our findings suggest that inflammatory signals may contribute to homeorhetic adaptations to lactation, especially regulation of glucose metabolism and modulation of lipolysis and ketogenesis as animals return to positive energy balance

Effects of postpartum treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on milk production and culling risk in dairy cattle

Dairy Research, 2014 is known as Dairy Day, 2014Inflammation during early lactation is common in dairy cattle, and a high degree of inflammation during this time has recently been associated with both lower productivity and greater risk of disease during that lactation. Early lactation treatments with two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were compared with a placebo treatment to evaluate effects on whole-lactation productivity and retention in the herd. Both meloxicam and sodium salicylate increased whole-lactation milk and milk protein yields by 6 to 9%, despite being administered for only 1 or 3 days in early lactation, respectively. In addition, meloxicam treatment tended to decrease the risk of cows leaving the herd during the lactation. These results indicate that postpartum inflammatory signals have long-lasting effects on lactation in dairy cattle

Effects of encapsulated niacin on metabolism and production of periparturient holstein cows

Dairy Research, 2009 is known as Dairy Day, 2009Niacin (nicotinic acid) can suppress lipolysis, but responses to dietary niacin have been inconsistent in cattle. A widely used commercial feed additive, niacin is thought to reduce heat stress and decrease postpartum plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration. Raw niacin has poor stability in the rumen, however, and it is estimated that only 5% is bioavailable. Recently, an encapsulated niacin (EN) product with an estimated 40% bioavailability became commercially available, but its effects on health and metabolism in transition cows have not been tested previously. Twenty-two Holstein cows were used in a study beginning 21 days before expected calving; cows were assigned to the EN treatment (24 g/day) or control group until 21 days postpartum. Results showed that EN decreased peak plasma NEFA and ketone concentrations after calving but also caused a 9 lb/day decrease in dry matter intake during the final 4 days before calving in multiparous cows. These results indicate that a high dose of EN can decrease postpartum plasma NEFA and ketones but also may decrease prepartum dry matter intake

Restricted nutrient intake does not alter serum-mediated measures of implant response in cell culture

Background: During nutritional stress, reduced intake may reduce the efficacy of anabolic implants. This study was conducted to evaluate basic cellular responses to a growth promotant implant at two intake levels. Methods: Sixteen crossbred steers (293 ± 19.3 kg) were used to evaluate the impact of anabolic implants in either an adequate or a restricted nutritional state. Steers were trained to individual Calan gates, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of: presence or absence of an anabolic growth implant (Revalor-XS, 200 mg TBA and 40 mg estradiol; IMPLANT or CONTROL) and a moderate energy, pelleted, starting cattle diet fed at either 2.0 × or 1.0 × maintenance energy (NEM) requirements (HIGH or LOW). Serum (d 0, 14, and 28) was used for application to bovine muscle satellite cells. After treatment with the serum (20% of total media) from the trial cattle, the satellite cells were incubated for 72 h. Protein abundance of myosin heavy chain (MHC), phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (phospho-ERK), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (phospho-mTOR) were analyzed to determine the effects of implant, intake, and their interaction (applied via the serum). Results: Intake had no effect on MHC (P = 0.85) but IMPLANT increased (P < 0.01) MHC abundance vs. CONTROL. Implant status, intake status, and the interaction had no effect on the abundance of phospho-ERK (P ≥ 0.23). Implanting increased phospho-mTOR (P < 0.01) but there was no effect (P ≥ 0.51) of intake or intake × implant. Conclusions: The nearly complete lack of interaction between implant and nutritional status indicates that the signaling molecules measured herein respond to implants and nutritional status independently. Furthermore, results suggest that the muscle hypertrophic effects of anabolic implants may not be mediated by circulating IGF-1

Effects of sodium salicylate on productivity of postpartum dairy cows

Dairy Research, 2011 is known as Dairy Day, 2011Inflammation has been proposed as a contributor to metabolic disorders in transition dairy cows. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sodium salicylate (SS), benefits transition cows. At calving, 78 cows (primiparous, n = 39; second lactation, n = 28; ≥3 lactations, n = 11) were assigned alternately to either a control (CON) or SS treatment for 7 days and remained on study until 21 days postpartum. Treatment was administered via individual water bowls at a concentration of 2.5 g/L, delivering a mean of 183 ± 8.5 g/day SS during the 7 days of treatment. Milk yields were collected daily and milk samples were collected twice weekly. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures over time. No treatment effects were detected for daily feed or water intake. Milk yield for third or greater lactation cows tended to increase (P < 0.10) with SS at the end of the trial (days 19 to 20). Milk protein content increased (P < 0.05) with SS in first- and second-lactation cows during week 1 and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) decreased (P < 0.01) with SS. Milk fat content increased (P < 0.05) with SS in weeks 2 and 3 postpartum. A 10% increase (P < 0.05) in energy-corrected milk (ECM) was observed for SS cows during week 3. Metritis incidence increased (P < 0.01) with SS in third or greater lactation cows, but no other effects on disease incidence were detected. In contrast to our hypothesis that SS treatment would decrease transition disorder incidences, SS treatment seemed to promote increased milk fat content and milk energy output during early lactation with no effect on total disorder incidence

Nutrient restriction does not affect implant efficacy

Beef Cattle Research, 2011 is known as Cattlemen’s Day, 2011Anabolic implants in finishing beef cattle offer significant return on investment. Anabolic implants improve average daily gain feed efficiency in pasture and feedlot cattle. One way growth-promoting implants stimulate growth is through increasing production of insulin-like growth factor 1. This hormone causes muscle cells to increase their uptake of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream. Plasma urea nitrogen is a simple measure of the protein nutritional status of animals. If lean growth is stimulated, more feed protein is utilized and retained as body protein, reducing the amount of circulating plasma urea nitrogen. If an animal is stressed and is not growing, more of the feed protein is broken down, processed, and excreted as urea nitrogen

TNFα altered inflammatory responses, impaired health and productivity, but did not affect glucose or lipid metabolism in early-lactation dairy cows

Inflammation may be a major contributing factor to peripartum metabolic disorders in dairy cattle. We tested whether administering an inflammatory cytokine, recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-α (rbTNFα), affects milk production, metabolism, and health during this period. Thirty-three Holstein cows (9 primiparous and 24 multiparous) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments at parturition. Treatments were 0 (Control), 1.5, or 3.0 µg/kg body weight rbTNFα, which were administered once daily by subcutaneous injection for the first 7 days of lactation. Statistical contrasts were used to evaluate the treatment and dose effects of rbTNFα administration. Plasma TNFα concentrations at 16 h post-administration tended to be increased (P0.10) was detected; rbTNFα treatments increased (P0.10) by rbTNFα administration, but 6 out of 16 measured eicosanoids changed (P0.10) by rbTNFα treatment. Glucose turnover rate was unaffected (P = 0.18) by rbTNFα administration. The higher dose of rbTNFα tended to increase the risk of cows developing one or more health disorders (P = 0.08). Taken together, these results indicate that administration of rbTNFα daily for the first 7 days of lactation altered inflammatory responses, impaired milk production and health, but did not significantly affect liver triglyceride accumulation or nutrient metabolism in dairy cows

Effects of Monensin on metabolic profile and feeding behavior of transition dairy cows

Dairy Research, 2011 is known as Dairy Day, 2011Thirty-two Holstein transition cows were used to determine the effects of monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN; 400 mg/cow daily) on metabolism and feeding behavior. Cows were assigned randomly, based on calving date, to control or monensin treatments (n = 16 per treatment) 21 days before their expected calving date, and cows remained on treatments through 21 days in milk. Feeding behavior and water intake data were collected daily. Blood samples were collected at 8 different time points during the experimental period. Monensin decreased mean and peak plasma ketone concentrations, and also decreased time between meals before and after calving. No effects of monensin supplementation were observed on milk production or other metabolic traits. Furthermore, we observed no treatment effects on disease incidence, although sample size was small for detecting such effects