Kepemilikan Tanah dalam Konsep Hukum Positif Indoensia, Hukum Adat dan Hukum Islam

In this paper will be presented the concept of land ownership, the discussion not only in the perspective of Indonesian positive law, but also in the perspective of Customary Law and Islamic Law. The aim is intended as a legal comparison to broaden the concept of land ownership. Because with the comparison of legal system will be obtained equations and differences, so it can find the best. At the end of this paper, three things are concluded. First, that the concept of land ownership in positive law in Indonesia is (1) the government in various policies seeks to regulate the utilization, appropriation and use of land for the benefit of mankind in Indonesia, and (2) known the concept of ownership there is a communal religious element. Secondly, the concept of land ownership in customary law is: (1) the existence of Ulayat rights, (2) the subject is customary law community, and (3) the object is covering all the land of customary law community. Third, that the concept of land ownership in Islamic law is: (1) everything belongs to Allah SWT. which is empowered to human beings, so as to use the law of God, (2) to apply the property of individuals and the public equally, (3) unknown to the landlord system.Dalam tulisan ini akan dipaparkan konsep kepemilikan tanah, yang pembahasan tidak hanya dalam prespektif hukum positif Indonesia, akan tetapi juga dalam prespektif Hukum Adat dan Hukum Islam. Tujuannya dimaksudkan sebagai perbandingan hokum guna memperluas wawasan konsep kepemilikan tanah. Karena dengan perbandingan system hokum akan diperoleh persamaan dan perbedaan, sehingga bisa mencari mana yang terbaik. Di akhir tulisan ini disimpulkan tiga hal. Pertama, bahwa konsep kepemilikan tanah dalam hukum positif di Indonesia adalah (1) pemerintah dalam berbagai kebijakan berupaya untuk mengatur pemanfaatan, peruntukan dan penggunaan tanah demi kemaslahatan umat manusia di Indonesia, dan (2) dikenal konsepsi kepemilikan terdapat unsur komunalistik religious. Kedua bahwa konsep kepemilikan tanah dalam hukum adat adalah: (1) dikenal adanya hak Ulayat, (2) subjeknya masyarakat hukum adat, dan (3) obyeknya adalah meliputi semua tanah masyarakat hukum adat. Ketiga, bahwa konsep kepemilikan tanah dalam hukum Islam adalah: (1) segala sesuatu milik Allah SWT. yang dikuasakan kepada manusia, sehingga harus menggunakan hukum Allah, (2) menerapkan hak milik individu dan umum secara seimbang, (3) tidak dikenal sistem tuan tanah

HAM (HAK ASASI MANUSIA) DALAM ISLAM

Sebenarnya masalah hak asasi manusia bukanlah merupakan masalah baru bagi masyarakat dunia, karena isu hak asasi manusia sudah mulai dilontarkan sejak lahirnya Magna Charta di Inggris pada tahun 1215, sampai lahirnya Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, yaitu Universal Declaration Of Human Right pada tanggal 10 Desember 1948, tetapi ternyata jauh sebelum lahir Magna Charta di Inggris tahun 1215, sebenarnya di dunia Islam telah terbit dahulu ada suatu piagam tentang hak azasi manusia yang dikenal dengan Piagam Madinahdi Madinah pada tahun 622, yang memberikan jaminan perlindungan hak azasi manusia bagi penduduk Madinah yang terdiri atas suku dan agama. Sesudah perang dingin arus gelombang hak asasi manusia semakin melanda seantero dunia, malah kadang-kadang negara-negara barat terkesan ingin melaksanakan penerapan konsep hak asasi manusia menurut pandangan mereka terhadap negara-negara lain, tanpa memperhatikan keanekaragaman tata nilai, sejarah, kebudayaan, system, politik, tingkat pertumbuhan sosial dan ekonomi, serta faktor-faktor lain yang dimiliki bangsa yang bersangkutan

KEPEMIMPINAN WANITA DALAM PERSPEKTIF SYARI’AH

Leadership in Islam is also called the caliph which is the executor of Allah's authority in realizing his various commands in the lives of fellow human beings. And the urgent problem at this time is women's leadership, many layers of society and Muslims themselves are debating about the existence of women's leadership, both of which have the same opinion regarding the legal position of women as leaders; First, the concept/interpretation that is forbidden and the second is that which allows it. Both are based on the verses of the Qur'an and the hadith of the prophet Muhammad SAW. Actually, this problem is not new, but it has been going on for centuries, and in Indonesia this is also very common. For these reasons, it is necessary to interpret the Qur'an and Hadith regarding women's leadership in a sharia perspective in order to know and analyze women's leadership

PERANAN PESANTREN DALAM TATANAN GLOBAL

Lembaga pendidikan pesantren merupakan sistem pendidikan tertua saat ini dan dianggap sebagai produk budaya Indonesia, Pesantren dengan sistem dan karakter tersendiri telah menjadi bagian integral dari suatu institusi sosial masyarakat, Fenomena globalisasi  tidak mempengaruhi terhadapa keunikan pesantren yang masih tetap konsisten dengan menyuguhkan suatu sistem pendidikan yang mampu menjembatani kebutuhan fisik (jasmani) dan kebutuhan mental spiritual (rohani) manusia. Eksistensi pondok pesantren dalam menyikapi perkembangan zaman, Bahkan beberapa diantaranya muncul sebagai model gerakan alternatif bagi pemecah masalah-masalah sosial masyarakat. Sehingga keberadaan pesantren merupakan sebuah jawaban, bahwa pesantren merupakan tempat pendidikan dengan pola pendidikan yang mampu melahirkan sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang handal. Dan pesantren merupakan tempat pendidikan yang tidak lekang oleh zaman, dan tidak akan hilang dengan derasnya gelombang globalisasi, karena pesantren memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yang mampu bertahan dan mampu berubah kearah yang lebih baik di tengah-tengah zaman yang serba moder

SEKILAS TENTANG HADIS MAUDU’

Para ulama’ berbeda pendapat tentang kapan mulai terjadinya pemalsuan hadis, orang telah memalsukan berbagai hadis dengan motif dan tujuan yang berbeda-beda, Terlebih untuk kepentingan-kepentingan tertentu orang bisa dan berani untuk membuat hadis palsu. Pengertian hadis secara istilah adalah Hadis yang disandarkan kepada rasulullah SAW Secara dibuat-buat dan dusta, padahal beliau tidak mengatakan berbuat ataupun menetapkannya. Mempergunakan hadis maudu’ itu batal, dan haram meriwayatkannya kecuali terpaksa atau mengerjakan hadis itu kepada ahli ilmu pengetahuan untuk diteliti. Berdasarkan data sejarah yang ada, pemalsuan hadis tidak hanya dilakukan oleh orang-orang islam tetapi juga dilakukan oleh orang-orang non islam dengan berbagai macam motif dan kepentingan anatara lain Pertentangan politik, usaha kaum zindik, fanatic terhadap bangsa dan suku, mempengaruhi kaum awam dan lain sebagainya

Tanggung Jawab Kantor Pertanahan terhadap Terbitnya Sertifikat Ganda (Studi Kasus Putusan Kasasi MA No. 162 K/TUN/2012)

This paper will examine and analyze the legal responsibilities of the Land Office, with a focus on case studies on Supreme Court Decisions. 162 K/ TUN/2012. At the end of this paper, it is concluded that: (1) the existence of this decision indicates that the settlement of land disputes can be through the media of the Adminsitration Court, (2) the content of a decision in the form of a command to the Head of the Land Office of Kendari to revoke and cross out from the land book is the responsibility of the institutional (3) if maladministration is found, personal criminal liability may be filed, and (3) as well as if there is a loss to the plaintiff it can be filed a lawsuit civil to the Official, whose responsibilities may be institutional or personal, with regard to whether or not maladminsitration exists.Tulisan ini akan mengkaji dan menganalisis tanggung jawab hukum dari Kantor Pertanahan, dengan memfokuskan pada studi kasus pada Putusan Kasasi MA No. 162 K/TUN/2012. Dalam akhir tulisan ini disimpulkan, bahwa: (1) adanya putusan ini menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa tanah bisa melalui media Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, (2) isi putusan yang berupa perintah kepada Kepala Kantor Pertanahan Kendari untuk mencabut dan mencoret dari buku tanah merupakan bentuk tanggung jawab Pejabat TUN atas Keputusan TUN yang diterbitkannya, yang merupakan bentuk dari tanggung jawab administrasi Negara yang bersifat institusional, (3) jika ditemukan maladministrasi maka dapat diajukan pertanggungjawaban pidana yang bersifat personal, dan (3) begitu juga jika ditemukan kerugian pada pihak penggugat maka bisa diajukan gugatan perdata terhadap Pejabat Tata Usaha Negara, yang pertanggungjawabnnya bisa berisfat institusinal atau personal, dengan memperhatikan apakah ada maladminsitrasi apa tidak &nbsp

SEED LONGEVITY IN STORAGE OF ALPINE PLANT SPECIES

Seed longevity has been investigated predominantly in relation to taxonomic and macroclimatic differences, while little is known about the variation within closely related taxa, growing under the same climate. Therefore, seed longevity of 18 alpine species Asteraceae was compared using artificial ageing (AA) to ascertain the influence of seed and species-specific ecological traits (i.e. seed mass, soil pH and moisture) on seed longevity. The estimates of p50 (estimate the time for viability to fall to 50 %) ranged between 1.63 and 40.03 d. Soil moisture significantly influenced seed longevity, with seeds of species growing on dry soil showing higher p50 than those from wetter soil. Conversely, seed mass and soil pH did not significantly contribute to longevity differences across species, though species from acid soils tend to be shorter lived than those from basic soils. Plant ecological traits, linked to condition at the plant growing site may play crucial roles in the prediction of seed lot longevity in air-dry storage including seed bank conditions. Germination test by means of radicle protrusion is often used as an assessment of seed viability (i.e. seed longevity studies). Therefore, there is a possibility that radicle protrusion alone may over-estimate viability compared with normal germination (i.e. radicle plus cotyledon emergence), thereby seed longevity. However, the extent of such overestimation across species and the factors contributing to it are not yet well understood. Therefore, seed life span of 35 alpine species was studied by evaluating both radicle emergence and normal germination during artificial ageing (AA). Estimates of p50 based on radicle emergence (p50 (RE)) were significantly higher than estimates based on normal germination (p50 (NG)) in 18 (51.4 %) out of the 35 species tested, suggesting radicle emergence may not be a reliable indicator of the capacity of seeds to complete the germination process, thereby leading to an overestimation of seed longevity. Therefore, in accordance with these results, the actual seed longevity of several alpine species may be lower than previously reported, highlighting that ex situ storage of alpine seeds might be even more problematic than currently thought. The coefficient of OESL developed here and its correlates (i.e. seed type, soil pH and seed longevity) may be used to prioritize species’ vulnerability to ex situ storage and to optimize viability testing, thereby reducing labour costs and enabling more effective conservation of seed collections. Alpine species are short-lived and most of them are incapable of becoming a seedling. Therefore, long-term storage of these species could be a problematic even under conventional seed banking conditions. As a solution, seed priming can be used to increase both seed longevity and seedling recovery. Therefore, I investigated the potential for priming to increase the longevity of six alpine species using a range of water potentials (hydro and osmo-priming). According to this study, priming treatments had a significant positive effect on seed longevity (p50 (RE) and p50 (NG)). In particular, hydro-priming was the most successful seed priming treatment to enhance both p50 (RE) and p50 (NG) and decreased the overestimation. The information provided in this study on wild alpine plants may fill some knowledge gap about how to monitor and improve seed viability in storage, which may have important implications high quality seeds both long- and short-term ex situ storage, such as in seed banks and native seed industry, respectively. In particular, I highlighted that normal germination (i.e. radicle plus cotyledon emergence) should be used to monitor seed viability during storage, that species from more humid soil may have higher possibility to show short-lived seeds and that, alpine seeds are short-lived, their longevity can be significantly improved using easy and inexpensive techniques, such as hydro and osmo-priming.Seed longevity has been investigated predominantly in relation to taxonomic and macroclimatic differences, while little is known about the variation within closely related taxa, growing under the same climate. Therefore, seed longevity of 18 alpine species Asteraceae was compared using artificial ageing (AA) to ascertain the influence of seed and species-specific ecological traits (i.e. seed mass, soil pH and moisture) on seed longevity. The estimates of p50 (estimate the time for viability to fall to 50 %) ranged between 1.63 and 40.03 d. Soil moisture significantly influenced seed longevity, with seeds of species growing on dry soil showing higher p50 than those from wetter soil. Conversely, seed mass and soil pH did not significantly contribute to longevity differences across species, though species from acid soils tend to be shorter lived than those from basic soils. Plant ecological traits, linked to condition at the plant growing site may play crucial roles in the prediction of seed lot longevity in air-dry storage including seed bank conditions. Germination test by means of radicle protrusion is often used as an assessment of seed viability (i.e. seed longevity studies). Therefore, there is a possibility that radicle protrusion alone may over-estimate viability compared with normal germination (i.e. radicle plus cotyledon emergence), thereby seed longevity. However, the extent of such overestimation across species and the factors contributing to it are not yet well understood. Therefore, seed life span of 35 alpine species was studied by evaluating both radicle emergence and normal germination during artificial ageing (AA). Estimates of p50 based on radicle emergence (p50 (RE)) were significantly higher than estimates based on normal germination (p50 (NG)) in 18 (51.4 %) out of the 35 species tested, suggesting radicle emergence may not be a reliable indicator of the capacity of seeds to complete the germination process, thereby leading to an overestimation of seed longevity. Therefore, in accordance with these results, the actual seed longevity of several alpine species may be lower than previously reported, highlighting that ex situ storage of alpine seeds might be even more problematic than currently thought. The coefficient of OESL developed here and its correlates (i.e. seed type, soil pH and seed longevity) may be used to prioritize species’ vulnerability to ex situ storage and to optimize viability testing, thereby reducing labour costs and enabling more effective conservation of seed collections. Alpine species are short-lived and most of them are incapable of becoming a seedling. Therefore, long-term storage of these species could be a problematic even under conventional seed banking conditions. As a solution, seed priming can be used to increase both seed longevity and seedling recovery. Therefore, I investigated the potential for priming to increase the longevity of six alpine species using a range of water potentials (hydro and osmo-priming). According to this study, priming treatments had a significant positive effect on seed longevity (p50 (RE) and p50 (NG)). In particular, hydro-priming was the most successful seed priming treatment to enhance both p50 (RE) and p50 (NG) and decreased the overestimation. The information provided in this study on wild alpine plants may fill some knowledge gap about how to monitor and improve seed viability in storage, which may have important implications high quality seeds both long- and short-term ex situ storage, such as in seed banks and native seed industry, respectively. In particular, I highlighted that normal germination (i.e. radicle plus cotyledon emergence) should be used to monitor seed viability during storage, that species from more humid soil may have higher possibility to show short-lived seeds and that, alpine seeds are short-lived, their longevity can be significantly improved using easy and inexpensive techniques, such as hydro and osmo-priming

Prison Periods: Bodily Resistance to Gendered Control

Prisons are places of power and resistance. This article is based on original research material derived from Arabic, English, and Hebrew sources, including interviews with menstruating prisoners from Palestine, Northern Ireland, England, and the United States. I document and translate stories, including those of minors who had their first periods behind bars. I then show how several global prison structures fail to provide minimum support, from offering adequate sanitary products to accessing toilets and showers. I also ask what the menstruating body—and its treatment by prison guards and by prisoners—enables us to understand about the gendered realities of detention, and about the possibilities of resistance to those realities. The article argues that masculinization by the prison authorities through mechanisms of shaming and embarrassing of prisoners on periods is a crucial component of gendered control over bodies and spirits in detention. I examine the prison journey from interrogation rooms, court spaces, and prison cells, to the use of prison vehicles to transport prisoners between prisons and to/from courts, and “health care” spaces. I have structured the article around this spatialization to emphasize how gendered control goes beyond one space, and how all spaces illuminate different aspects of gendered control and masculinization. A key contribution in this article can be put as follows: while prisons use menstruation to consolidate gendered control over prisoners’ bodies, prisoners use those same bodies to resist such control not only of the prison authorities in question but also of detention more broadly. I conclude by making a case for prison abolition, paying particular attention to the nuances of prisons in settings of ongoing coloniality and authoritarianism

Assessment skills of teachers : a study of black South African teachers.

EducationDoctor of Education (Ed.D.

MODEL PREDIKSI KEPAILITAN BANK UMUM DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA BACKPROPAGATION

Abstract: The early warning model was built using 13 CAMEL ratios. The method used is the neural network with backpropagation. Networks are built using a hidden layer and bipolar sigmoid activation function. In this study, the training phase trials performed 12 times by combining the rate of learning rate and iteration to find the best network model. The value of learning rate is 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 combined with 1000, 2000 and 5000 iterations. The result found that the combination of learning rate 0.7 and iteration 2000 as the best model with 100% accuracy and computational time 21 seconds. The resulting output value compared to the actual status of the bank. As a result, the network model is able to produce an accuracy of 86.11%. Keywords: bankruptcy prediction, commercial Bank, CAMEL, neural network, and backpropagation