Metabolic and molecular rearrangements of Sauvignon Blanc (Vitis vinifera L.) berries in response to foliar applications of specific dry yeast

Dry yeast extracts (DYE) are applied to vineyards to improve aromatic and secondary metabolic compound content and wine quality; however, systematic information on the underpinning molecular mechanisms is lacking. This work aimed to unravel, through a systematic approach, the metabolic and molecular responses of Sauvignon Blanc berries to DYE treatments. To accomplish this, DYE spraying was performed in a commercial vineyard for two consecutive years. Berries were sampled at several time points after the treatment, and grapes were analyzed for sugars, acidity, free and bound aroma precursors, amino acids, and targeted and untargeted RNA-Seq transcriptional profiles. The results obtained indicated that the DYE treatment did not interfere with the technological ripening parameters of sugars and acidity. Some aroma precursors, including cys-3MH and GSH3MH, responsible for the typical aromatic nuances of Sauvignon Blanc, were stimulated by the treatment during both vintages. The levels of amino acids and the global RNA-seq transcriptional profiles indicated that DYE spraying upregulated ROS homeostatic and thermotolerance genes, as well as ethylene and jasmonic acid biosynthetic genes, and activated abiotic and biotic stress responses. Overall, the data suggested that the DYE reduced berry oxidative stress through the regulation of specific subsets of metabolic and hormonal pathway

Modélisation de l'absorption de l'azote nitrique, de son allocation et de sa remobilisation chez le colza d'hiver (Brassica napus L.) de la reprise de végétation au stade maturité des graines

*UMR INRA-UCBN 950 EVA, Ecophysiologie végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS. Université de Caen, esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex Diffusion du document : UMR INRA-UCBN 950 EVA, Ecophysiologie végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions NCS. Université de Caen, esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex Diplôme : Dr. Ing

Modélisation de l'absorption de l'azote nitrique, de son allocation et de sa remobilisation chez le colza d'hiver (Brassica napus L.) de la reprise de la végétation au stade maturité des graines

PARIS-AgroParisTech Centre Paris (751052302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modelling N uptake in B. napus plants in the field conditions: estimation of active roots involved in nitrate uptake by a synthetic parameter, the integrated root system age (IRSA)

National audienc

Breaking conceptual locks in modelling root absorption of nutrients: reopening the thermodynamic viewpoint of ion transport across the root

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Indeed, at least four families of nitrate transporters operating at both high and/or low external nitrate concentrations, and which are located in series and/or parallel in the different cellular layers of the mature root, are involved in nitrate uptake. Accordingly, the top-down analysis of the root catalytic structure for ion transport from the Enzyme-Substrate interpretation of nitrate influx isotherms is inadequate. Moreover, the use of the Enzyme-Substrate velocity equation as a single reference in agronomic models is not suitable in its formalism to account for variations in N uptake under fluctuating environmental conditions. Therefore, a conceptual paradigm shift is required to improve the mechanistic modelling of N uptake in agronomic models. Scope An alternative formalism, the Flow-Force theory, was proposed in the 1970s to describe ion isotherms based upon biophysical 'flows and forces' relationships of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This interpretation describes, with macroscopic parameters, the patterns of N uptake provided by a biological system such as roots. In contrast to the Enzyme-Substrate interpretation, this approach does not claim to represent molecular characteristics. Here it is shown that it is possible to combine the Flow-Force formalism with polynomial responses of nitrate influx rate induced by climatic and in planta factors in relation to nitrate availability. Conclusions Application of the Flow-Force formalism allows nitrate uptake to be modelled in a more realistic manner, and allows scaling-up in time and space of the regulation of nitrate uptake across the plant growth cycle

Modelling of nitrogen uptake based on a cross-combination of Flow-force interpretation of nitrate uptake isotherm and environmental and in planta regulation of nitrate influx rate

National audienceA mechanistic structural–functional model was developed to predict nitrogen uptake throughout the growth cycle by a crop of winter oilseed rape (Brassicanapus) grown under field conditions. The functional component of the model (nitrate uptake activity) derives from a revisited conceptual framework that combines the thermodynamic Flow–Force interpretation of nitrate uptake isotherms and environmental and in planta effects on nitrate influx. The Flow-Force theory was proposed in the seventies to describe ion isotherms based upon biophysical “flows and forces” relationships of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. This perspective appears more realistic for describing root N uptake at kinetic and molecular levels than the carrier viewpoint of Enzyme-Substrate interpretation. Indeed, the Enzyme-substrate interpretation has not withstood recent molecular analyses about nitrate transporters. At least four families of nitrate transporters operating at both high and/or low external nitrate concentrations and located in series and/or parallel in the different cellular layers of the mature root are involved in nitrate uptake. Likewise, the demonstration was made that Vmax and Km parameters deduced from influx isotherms are only “apparent” parameters representative of the overall behaviour of the root sample studied for the absorption process. Estimation of structural component of the model (root biomass) is based upon a combination of root mapping along the soil depth profile in the field and a relationship between the specific root length and external nitrate concentrations. The root biomass contributing actively to N uptake was determined by introduction of an integrated root system age that allows assignment of a root absorption capacity at a specific age of the root. This conceptual framework provides a model of nitrate uptake that is able to respond in a more realistic manner to external nitrate fluctuations and to changes of climatic and in planta factors throughout the plant growth cycle at both functional and structural levels

An updated model for nitrate uptake modelling in plants. II. Assessment of active root involvement in nitrate uptake based on integrated root system age: measured versus modelled outputs

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We thank Prof. Eric Reyssat (Laboratoire de Mathematiques N. Oresmes, Universite de Caen, France) for his assistance with the mathematics used in the model.Oxford univ pressOxfordAn updated version of a mechanistic structural-functional model was developed to predict nitrogen (N) uptake throughout the growth cycle by a crop of winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus, grown under field conditions. The functional component of the model derives from a revisited conceptual framework that combines the thermodynamic Flow-Force interpretation of nitrate uptake isotherms and environmental and in planta effects on nitrate influx. Estimation of the root biomass (structural component) is based upon a combination of root mapping along the soil depth profile in the field and a relationship between the specific root length and external nitrate concentration. The root biomass contributing actively to N uptake was determined by introduction of an integrated root system age that allows assignment of a root absorption capacity at a specific age of the root. Simulations were well matched to measured data of N taken up under field conditions for three levels of N fertilization. The model outputs indicated that the two topsoil layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) contained 75-88 % of the total root length and biomass, and accounted for 90-95 % of N taken up at harvest. This conceptual framework provides a model of nitrate uptake that is able to respond to external nitrate fluctuations at both functional and structural levels

An updated model for nitrate uptake modelling in plants. I. Functional component: cross-combination of flow-force interpretation of nitrate uptake isotherms, and environmental and in planta regulation of nitrate influx

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This is due mainly to the difficulty in linking the various regulations of nitrate transport that act at different levels of time and on different spatial scales. A cross-combination of a Flow-Force approach applied to nitrate influx isotherms and experimentally determined environmental and in planta regulation is used to model nitrate in oilseed rape, Brassica napus. In contrast to 'Enzyme-Substrate' interpretations, a Flow-Force modelling approach considers the root as a single catalytic structure and does not infer hypothetical cellular processes among nitrate transporter activities across cellular layers in the mature roots. In addition, this approach accounts for the driving force on ion transport based on the gradient of electrochemical potential, which is more appropriate from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Use of a Flow-Force formalism on nitrate influx isotherms leads to the development of a new conceptual mechanistic basis to model more accurately N uptake by a winter oilseed rape crop under field conditions during the whole growth cycle. This forms the functional component of a proposed new structure-function mechanistic model of N uptake