La irrupción de España en el panorama de las migraciones internacionales: por qué llegaron, por qué siguen llegando y por qué lo seguirán haciendo

España se convirtió en el destino europeo preferido de buena parte de los inmigrantes en la década de los 2000. A finales del 2007, la crisis ha venido a trastocar las perspectivas a corto plazo de españoles y extranjeros, y sin embargo, el flujo inmigratorio no parece haberse detenido sustancialmente. Los interrogantes de futuro se extienden sobre la pauta que debe emprender la nueva economía española: ¿seguirá siendo nuestro país un destino migratorio relevante? Este texto pretende reflexionar sobre las causas de la inmigración en España, sobre las razones que inhiben el retorno y sobre las perspectivas de los flujos inmigratorios en el largo plazo

The effects of COVID-19 on immigration in Spain: Economy, work and living conditions

Este artículo examina de forma sucinta el impacto y los efectos de la crisis de la pandemia del COVID-19 sobre la economía y el mercado laboral en España, poniendo especial atención en el colectivo de personas inmigrantes. Los datos revelan un importante efecto diferencial negativo entre los extranjeros y, en este sentido, recomienda continuar con los esfuerzos de las administraciones públicas para evitar el incremento del desarraigo y la desigualda

Unbiasing the estimate of the role of income in carbon footprint of households: analysis of the Spanish case as a pilot study

Although the estimation of the elasticity of the household carbon footprint and income is a frequently analysed fact, unfortunately a fundamental aspect of this relationship has not been considered: it is not a constant factor for the whole population. To make an adequate estimate of this relationship, a Quantile Regression is proposed, obtaining significantly different results to those derived from the usual estimations using ordinary least squares (OLS), which have been carried out up to now. This fact is fundamental for the correct planning and evaluation of fiscal policies based on income taxation to reduce the carbon footprint. Our results confirm that the OLS estimation would overestimate the effects of income on CO2 reduction by 26

Inversión y comercio entre la Unión Europea y Latinoamérica: pasado, presente y geostrategia en el futuro

La Unión Europea se convirtió, durante la década de los 90, en el mayor inversor internacional en Latinoamérica. A pesar de ello, el margen de comercio con esta área tiene un limitado peso sobre el total del realizado por la UE en su conjunto. En este documento se analizan las grandes líneas que han guiado las relaciones económicas entre ambas zonas durante los últimos cincuenta años, haciendo especial hincapié en sus resultados en materia comercial y de inversiones. Posteriormente, se hace un breve repaso sobre la situación actual y perspectivas del marco negociador UE-Latinoamérica, destacando los cambios geoestratégicos derivados de la Conferencia de Barcelona de 1995 y del Tratado de Adhesión de Copenhague (2002)

Análisis de similitud relativa entre la estructura de exportación de los países mediterráneos y la Unión Europea (ISREE). El caso especial de España

Se presenta un índice de similitud de la estructura de exportaciones alternativo a los ya existentes en la literatura tradicional, que hemos denominado ISREE. Dicho índice se estima a partir de la matriz de disimilitudes habitualmente empleada en el análisis cluster. El procedimiento nos permite obtener una medición no confusa del riesgo relativo de un país o área frente a otro/s en función del grado de similitud de su estructura de exportación de un tipo de productos. En nuestro caso, el análisis se centra en la exportación de productos agrícolas, con un nivel de desagregación máximo, y para los países de la Unión Europea y el Mediterráneo. El principal resultado obtenido es la clasificación bilateral de los riesgos relativos entre países y áreas como punto a tener en cuenta en la negociación de una eventual liberalización del mercado agrícola.We present an export structure similarity index alternative to the ones already existing in the traditional literature, referred to as ESSI (ISREE). This index is estimated from the dissimilarity matrix usually used in cluster analysis. The procedure enables us to obtain a definite measurement of the relative risk of a country or area compared with another/others in accordance with the degree of similarity of their structure for the export of products of one type. In our case, the analysis is focused on the export of farm produce, with a maximum level of disaggregation and for European Union and Mediterranean countries. The main result obtained is the bilateral classification of the relative risks between countries and areas as a point to be taken into account in the negotiation of a possible future liberalisation of the agricultural market.Financiación prestada por FEMIS

Prioridades de los Países Socios Mediterráneos ante una eventual inclusión de la agricultura en el Area de Libre Comercio Euromediterránea: claves cuantitativas para el diseño de una 'hoja de ruta'

En el contexto del mandato comunitario de generar una hoja de ruta específica para cada uno de los Países Socios Mediterráneos (PSM), es necesario realizar un análisis cuantitativo de las ventajas y desventajas relativas de cada uno de estos países para asimilar un régimen comercial agrícola de libre cambio con la UE. En el artículo se definen una serie de ejes económicos, sociales, de infraestructuras, etcétera, a considerar en el estado de desarrollo de cada uno de los PSM. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo un análisis factorial y se generan una serie de indicadores sintéticos que nos permiten graduar las áreas de atención preferente en cada país con objeto de definir hojas de ruta específicas por país

Quantifying the excess carbon footprint and its main determinants of Spanish households

New evidence is provided on the determinants of the carbon footprint (CF) at the household level, using the Spanish case as an example and data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) and the E-MRIO database. The research presents two new contributions. On the one hand, the basis of analysis on what we call ‘Excess per capita CF’, that is, the part of CF that exceeds a threshold associated with a minimum per capita consumption of each product in a household, below which level it is difficult to expect reductions in consumption. Second, the use of a quantile regression (QR) approach for the estimation of the drivers of CF. Both issues imply important changes in the consideration of the influence of some drivers considered so far in the literature, related to which CF quantile the household is in. These differences between an ordinary least squares (OLS) and the QR are especially significant for variables such as income, household size, occupation, age, household composition, housing area and area of residenc

Have migrants bought a "round trip ticket"? Determinants in probability of immigrants' return in Spain

Understanding the extent to which immigration is a predominantly permanent or transitory phenomenon is essential for host countries insofar as it affects the strategic design of their admission, reception, and integration policies. Beyond the determination of the volume of returns, it is crucial to also determine which covariates connect better with a greater or lesser propensity of return. An adequate approach to the dynamics of the return requires considering this decision conditioned by the time elapsed since the arrival of the immigrant. From this perspective, the variable of interest would not be the intention of return, but the elapsed time between the arrival of the immigrant and the moment that return is considered as an option, as well as what are the factors affecting a greater or lesser duration of the stay. In this context, the article explores the relative importance of various personal and migration characteristics in the intention of return of immigrants conditional at the time of residence through the application of a Cox model of duration

A simulation of the economic impact of renewable energy development in Morocco

In this paper we identify the renewable energy source (RES) demand scenarios for Morocco, the needs of RES installed capacity according to those scenarios and the detailed investment plans needed to achieve such installed capacity supply. Then, using a dynamic variant input output model, we simulate the macroeconomic impact of the foreign investment inflows needed to make available these Moroccan RES generation capacity plans in the medium and long term. The use of concentrated solar plants, photovoltaic generation and wind power farms are considered and compared in the simulation.FEMISE Networ

Trade liberalization and poverty reduction in Africa: computable general equilibrium models approach. Literature review

The link between trade liberalization and poverty reduction has played a crucial role on economic policy in developing and least developed countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Academic research shows a remarkable lack of consensus and no clear effects in the direction of these linkages. This study presents an overview of the impact of trade liberalization on poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa within a general equilibrium framework. In order to do that, the links between trade liberalization and poverty are firstly summarized, reviewing the existent literature. After briefly describing the basic and extended structure of computable general equilibrium models, the advantages and drawbacks of using this methodology to analyze the relation between these two variables is shown, including the main findings from previous literature applied to the particular case of Sub-Saharan countries. Most of the studies conclude that, while trade liberalization has positive effects on poverty reduction in the long run, it should be accompanied by structural reforms, industrial and redistribution policies in order to minimize the expected negative effects in the short-term