Emulsion Extraction of Bio-products: Influence of Bio-diluents on Extraction of Gallic Acid

International audienceNatural products and fermentation broths are complex systems. Extraction processes such as emulsion extraction, a process derived from the industrial liquid-liquid extraction, can be used to remove molecules. This chapter presents preview studies dealing with these two processes for bio-products and notably for organic acids from biomass: different parameters were described. Then, a study on eco-conception of these processes for gallic acid with bio-diluents (one hydrogenated terpene and three ethylic fatty acid esters) was presented and compared with results using dodecane, a current petrochemical diluent. A pre-study about eco-conception of liquid-liquid extraction for gallic acid was performed. An extractant as tributyl phosphate (TBP) was necessary, and extraction yield was higher with TBP diluted in ethylic fatty acid esters than in dodecane. So it is possible with esters to reduce the TBP concentration. In extraction by emulsion with the esters as diluents, there was no need of an extractant, gallic acid being slightly soluble in these esters. However, emulsion containing these bio-diluents swelled, which do not exist with dodecane

Itinerários abortivos em contextos de clandestinidade na cidade do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil Abortion itineraries in a clandestine context in the city of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

A partir de um conjunto de entrevistas em profundidade reuniu-se significativo material de cunho etnográfico sobre os percursos - concretos e simbólicos - de jovens mulheres e seus parceiros em busca de solução para uma gravidez imprevista. As iniquidades da sociedade brasileira se expressam em itinerários de maior ou menor sinuosidade, complexidade e duração de acordo com as condições materiais de existência e recursos sociais de que dispõem os sujeitos. Assim, para jovens de setores médios o acesso para a realização do aborto é ágil e bastante seguro, enquanto para as demais mulheres a decisão de abortar compõe-se de esforços em diferentes planos para a consecução do projeto. As narrativas podem assumir contornos dramáticos que configuram decisões de interrupção da gravidez mesmo em estágios avançados de gestação.<br>From a series of in-depth interviews, we gathered a significant amount of ethnographic material on the concrete and symbolic paths taken by young women and their partners in the search for a solution to an unplanned pregnancy. Inequities in Brazilian society are expressed in itineraries/routes of different sinuosity, complexity and duration according to the individuals' social and material conditions of existence. Thus, for middle class youths access to abortion is very swift and secure, whereas for the rest of women the decision to abort consists of efforts on different levels to achieve the undertaking. The narratives may assume dramatic proportions, including abortion even in advanced stages of pregnancy