Culminating Course Progress Report for the NA893 Community Support Center, Yokosuka Naval Base, Japan

This is the culminating project report for the Fire Project Engineering Master’s of Science at California Polytechnic at San Luis Obispo. This project will consider a project for the US military in Japan, JFY893 Community Support Facility, Yokosuka Naval Base. The subject facility consists of a library, education center, family services, and other community services. The Library shall serve as the Main Base Library, keep and store books and provide library services for active duty population, dependents and retirees. The Education Center provides services for advancing of the academic, technical, and vocational education of military personnel of all grades and ranks in order to enhance their potential to the military services. The Family Service shall provide information and referral services, education and training services, and counseling service for active duty population with services usable to dependents and retirees. This paper will be separated into three different components. First, the subject facility will be introduced so that its function is understood to the reader. The background of the project will go into specific floor and room detail and also provide occupant load information per room and floor. It will also be noted that Japanese criteria as well as US criteria and Department of Defense criteria will be used for the design of this project. The prescriptive and performance-based analysis of the subject facility will be performed. The prescriptive-based analysis will be based on the core Fire Protection Engineering Courses. The performance-based analysis will be based on three design fires. The building has passed all prescriptive and performance-based analysis and is deemed to be safe from a fire safety perspective. The occupancy classification and means of egress will be discussed as per FPE521 Egress Analysis and Design. The first floor has been classified as a ordinary hazard 2 due to the main library. The upper floors have been categorized as a light hazard. Based on the occupant load, there are three stairwells and the facility exits and doorways have been sized accordingly. The electrical and communications system will be considered as per FPE522 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems. Although very similar, the Japanese criteria on alarm spacing is slightly stricter and thus resulting in a larger number of alarms and detectors in the facility. Furthermore, the Department of Defense criteria regarding Mass Notification Systems is also applied to further reinforced intelligibility requirements of the facility. The mechanical engineering systems will be covered via the FPE523 Fire Suppression System class. One significant difference in the fire suppression system is that the Japanese Building Standard Law requires a fire pump, emergency generator, and water cistern even though there is sufficient supply. Furthermore, the fire sprinkler demand is dictated by the stricter US Department of Defense criteria, UFC 3-600-01. Thus, the fire suppression system is safer than the NFPA prescribed rules since they are exceeded. The fire safety strategy of the fire resistance in the building will be discussed through the FPE 524 Structural Fire Protection course coverage. Based on the International Building Code, the required construction classification will be Class II. The materials used to construct the columns, beams, floor assemblies, roof assembly, exterior walls, interior walls, door openings, joints, penetrations, and partitions will be distinguished. Since Japan is in a seismic region and due to the new seismic laws, the structural requirements have increased. Furthermore, due to the new anti-terrorism and force protection laws by the Department of Defense, the building would need to be able to withstand a 40-ton car bomb since it is a primary gathering facility. Due to all these structural requirements, this building will be able to withstand significant threats from fire, external threats such as explosions, and natural events such as earthquakes. The next section of the project paper is the performance-based analysis. The performance-based analysis will be analyzed in several sections. The performance-based analysis will be based on three fire scenarios. Then, the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) will need to be considered. An analysis of the time taken by occupants to safely escape from the effects of fire will be done in a quantitative and methodical way. Next, the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) will need to be evaluated. Three design fires which will be located on the main library floor will be considered in this paper. A fire in the main book stacks of the library will be considered and the fire will be modeled by the traveling fire method due to the long span of the book shelves in a large open room. The second fire will be the book stacks in the periodical room which is significantly spaced closely together in a small enclosed space. The third fire will be designed after a workstation fire in the multi-media room. The Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) is a summation of the time to notification from the sounding of an alarm, the reaction time of the occupants of the facility, the pre- evacuation activity time, and the actual travel time to egress the facility. Based on calculations and some assumptions, the required safe egress time is conservatively calculated at 8 minutes and 8 seconds to evacuate close to 1,500 occupants from the four- story building. . The Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is the time the effects of fire reach the tenability limits prescribed in the acceptance criteria will be determined. There are several factors which will need to be considered. The subject facility’s structural integrity and its ability to survive the fire will need to be evaluated. The ability of the occupants to egress the facility when subjected to intense heat and smoke will also need to be considered as well. Computer modeling such as Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) will be used. Due to the higher prescriptive standards, the ASET exceeded the RSET in when evaluated against all these factors. The final section will conclude with an evaluation of the facility from a prescriptive and performance-based analysis of the subject facility. Further, recommendations on changes that could have been made to make the facility safer will be presented. Although there were many challenges of planning and designing a US military facility in a foreign country, the reliance on the strictest rule resulted in a safer facility

Plastic Deformation of Bicrystals composed of <100>, <111>, and Single Glide Oriented Aluminum Crystals

When two crystal grains having large different deformation-modes are adjacent to each other, their compatibility at the boundary plane becomes extremely confused. Therefore, it is thought that such a grain boundary condition plays an important role on several phenomena of the materials containing it. In this study, three kinds of bicrystals composed of two crystals within three kinds of single crystals (a common single crystal for single glide, a single crystal with tensile orientation and a single crystal with tensile orientation), are prepared and tested by tension. The additional slips on {110} are activated, and the boundary strength is positive in the bicrystals composed of a crystal for single glide and a crystal with tensile orientation. In the bicrystals composed of a crystal for single glide and a crystal with tensile orientation, a few clustered slips occur from the grain boundary in the grain with tensile orientation. The boundary strength is negative. Some micro-cracks are observed along the grain boundary of bicrystals composed of a crystal with tensile orientation and a crystal with tensile orientation. The boundary strength is found to be zero

Plastic Deformation of <111> Oriented Aluminum Single Crystals

It is known that an aluminum single crystal having tensile orientation shows an initial rapid hardening, and that its flow stress increases gradually until failure. However, many problems pertaining to the deformation mechanism of the oriented single crystal remain unsolved. In the present study, to clarify the deformation mode of aluminum single crystals having multiple slip orientations, tensile test were performed at various temperatures on oriented single crystals. At room temperature, the oriented single crystal deformed only by fine multiple slips, and the flow stress increased with an increase of strain until failure. On the other hand, the coarse wavy slips composed of {111} and {100} slips occurred at high temperatures, such as 473K. In the single crystal having a tensile orientation deviated from by a few degrees, the clustered slips were observed in addition to the fine multiple slips. It is concluded that the deformation mode and flow stress of the single crystal are very sensitive to the tensile oriention in the vicinity of

Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Stage IV Deformation in <100> Oriented Aluminum Single Crystal

It is known that at room temperature the tensile stress-strain curve of an aluminum single having tensile orientation becomes flat after about a two percent elongation. (This flat region of the stress-strain curve is named Stage IV). In the previous paper, the propagation of a clustered slip accompanied by a prominent cross slip was observed in the Stage IV region of curve. In the present study, oriented aluminum single crystals were tested in tension at various temperatures so as to clarify the influence of temperature on the deformation mechanisms in Stage IV. At 203K, a few clustered slip lines accompanied by a prominent cross slip occurred, but they did not propagate in the entire region of the specimen. The stress-strain curve became flat only from about a ten percent elongation. In the crystal stretched at 77K, the cluster did not propagate at all from either end of the specimen, and so the stress-strain curve did not become flat. On the other hand, a wavy coarse slip was observed and the curve became flat from about a 0.5 percent elongation at 473K. It was suggested that these wavy slip lines were produced by a frequent repetition of the cross slip on two {111} planes and also possidly on a {110} plane having the same slip direction. It was confirmed that the occurrence of Stage IV is caused by the of the clustered slip accompanied by a prominent cross slip, and is much influenced by the temperature of deformation due to the easiness of the cross slip

Hemosuccus Pancreaticus following a Puestow Procedure in a Patient with Chronic Pancreatitis

Hemosuccus pancreaticus is an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that occurs as a complication of chronic or acute pancreatitis. We report a case of extremely acute-onset hemosuccus pancreaticus occurring in a patient with chronic pancreatitis over a long-term follow-up after a Puestow procedure (side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy). The patient was admitted to our hospital due to severe anemia and tarry stools indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding. Emergent endoscopy, including gastrointestinal fiberscopy and colon fiberscopy, showed no abnormal findings. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography and hemorrhagic scintigraphy did not detect a hemorrhagic lesion. Although interventional radiology was considered for diagnosis and treatment, conservative therapy seemed sufficient to affect hemostasis. Two weeks later, however, acute intestinal bleeding with hemodynamic shock occurred, and exploration was performed without delay. Intraoperative endoscopy through an incision of the reconstructed jejunal loop in the close proximal end revealed a site of active bleeding from the side-to-side anastomotic pancreatic duct. Following a longitudinal incision of the jejunal loop, a bleeding point was sutured and ligated on direct inspection. The patient showed a good postoperative course

Effect of Grain Boundary on Pseudo-elastic Deformation of Cu-Zn-Si Bicrystal of Shape Memory Alloy

Two sorts of Cu-Zn-Si pseudo-elastic bicrystals of shape memory alloy were tested in tension to know the effects of the grain boundary. The remaining martensites were observed in the vicinity of the grain boundary, and the propriety of analyses through use of m/m。 and Nᵢj values and of the compatibility of the plastic strain were studied. The variant of martensite occurring primarily in each grain during deformation, can be predicted with use of them value (shear factor of the variant) in general. The analyses through use of m/mᵢ and Nᵢj values and the equations of the plastic strain compatibility are sufficiently useful to know the variant of martensite nucleated additionally in the vicinity of the grain boundary. However, the possibility of activation of slip must be considered in this case. The reversible strain of the isoaxial bicrystal is larger than that of the non-isoaxial bicrystal. However, the relation between the reversible strain and the misorientation of bicrystal is not yet sufficiently known

Differences in perception of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes between pediatricians and obstetricians in Japan

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO Code) aims to protect and promote breastfeeding. Japan ratified the WHO Code in 1994, but most hospitals in Japan continue to receive free supplies of infant formula and distribute discharge packs to new mothers provided by infant formula companies. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of pediatricians and obstetricians in Japan to the WHO Code. METHODS: A self-completion questionnaire was sent to 132 pediatricians in the 131 NICUs which belonged to the Neonatal Network of Japan, and to 96 chief obstetricians in the general hospitals in the Kanto area of Japan, in 2004. RESULTS: Responses were received from 68% of pediatricians and 64% of obstetricians. Sixty-six percent of pediatricians agreed that "Breastmilk is the best", compared to only 13% of obstetricians. Likewise, pediatricians were more likely to be familiar with the WHO Code (51%) than obstetricians (18%). CONCLUSION: In Japan, pediatricians and obstetricians, in general, have low levels of support for breastfeeding and low levels of familiarity with the WHO Code. To increase the breastfeeding rates in Japan, both pediatricians and obstetricians need increased knowledge about current infant feeding practices and increased awareness of international policies to promote breastfeeding

High speed rotating disc type generator for high magnetic field

A high magnetic field generator based on a new idea is described in this paper. The principle of the generator is different from those of previously published or tested. The fundamental principle of generating a high magnetic field is that the magnetic flux induced by an electromagnet with an iron core is concentrated by eddy currents on a rotating conductive disc and is compressed to high magnetic flux density on the hole surrounded with four discs. The energy for concentrating a magnetic flux is fed from the kinetic energy of rotating discs. Therefore, the generator is non-destructive and has only a relatively small electric source. The high magnetic field has a long pulse duration

Sex Chromosomes of Rana rugosa with Special Reference to Local Differences in Sex-determining Mechanism

The karyotypes of the two populations, Kumano and Hirosaki, of Rana rugosa were compared with each other by the methods of conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding and LR (late replication)-banding. It was found that in the Kumano population, the 13 pairs of chromosomes are completely homozygous and there are no chromosome pairs which have any sexual differences, while chromosome pair No.7 of the females in the Hirosaki population are heteromorphic and constructed of a subtelocentric Z and a metacentric W chromosome. The W chromosome also distinctly differs from the Z chromosome in both C-band and LR-band patterns. It is probable that the W chromosome was induced from the Z chromosome by two inversions on the basis of the LR-band pattern. In the Kumano population, nearly all of the females are changed into males by injection of testosterone propionate at the tadpole stage. The offspring of the sex-reversed genetic females mated with normal females are almost females. This seems to show that the Kumano population of Rana rugosa is of the XX-XY type. In the Hirosaki population, it has been confirmed by the methods of conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding and LR-banding that this is of the ZW-ZZ type and there are no frogs whose sex is reversed by injection of testosterone propionate. Sex ratios were examined in the offspring of reciprocal crosses between the Kumano and Hirosaki populations. It was found that the offspring (XZ) between the females (XX) of the Kumano population and the males (ZZ) of the Hirosaki population are almost all males, while the offspring (WX, WY, ZX, ZY) between the females (ZW) of the Hirosaki population and the males (XY) of the Kumano population include nearly the same number of females and males. It was quite evident that almost all the frogs having the W chromosomes were females, while all the frogs having the Z chromosomes were males, regardless of the existence of the X or Y chromosome

Molecular identification and transmission studies of X-cell parasites from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (Gadiformes: Gadidae) and the northern black flounder Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae)

Background: Epidermal pseudotumours from Hippoglossoides dubius and Acanthogobius flavimanus in Japan and gill lesions in Limanda limanda from the UK have been shown to be caused by phylogenetically related protozoan parasites, known collectively as X-cells. However, the phylogenetic position of the X-cell group is not well supported within any of the existing protozoan phyla and they are currently thought to be members of the Alveolata. Ultrastructural features of X-cells in fish pseudotumours are somewhat limited and no typical environmental stages, such as spores or flagellated cells, have been observed. The life cycles for these parasites have not been demonstrated and it remains unknown how transmission to a new host occurs. In the present study, pseudobranchial pseudotumours from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in Iceland and epidermal pseudotumours from the northern black flounder, Pseudopleuronectes obscurus, in Japan were used in experimental transmission studies to establish whether direct transmission of the parasite is achievable. In addition, X-cells from Atlantic cod were sequenced to confirm whether they are phylogenetically related to other X-cells and epidermal pseudotumours from the northern black flounder were analysed to establish whether the same parasite is responsible for infecting different flatfish species in Japan. Results: Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data from Atlantic cod X-cells show that they are a related parasite that occupies a basal position to the clade containing other X-cell parasites. The X-cell parasite causing epidermal pseudotumours in P. obscurus is the same parasite that causes pseudotumours in H. dubius. Direct, fish to fish, transmission of the X-cell parasites used in this study, via oral feeding or injection, was not achieved. Non-amoeboid X-cells are contained within discrete sac-like structures that are loosely attached to epidermal pseudotumours in flatfish; these X-cells are able to tolerate exposure to seawater. A sensitive nested PCR assay was developed for the sub clinical detection of both parasites and to assist in future life cycle studies. PCR revealed that the parasite in P. obscurus was detectable in non-pseudotumourous areas of fish that had pseudotumours present in other areas of the body. Conclusions: The inability to successfully transmit both parasites in this study suggests that either host detachment combined with a period of independent development or an alternate host is required to complete the life cycle for X-cell parasites. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA confirm a monophyletic grouping for all sequenced X-cell parasites, but do not robustly support their placement within any established protist phylum. Analysis of SSU rDNA from X-cells in Japanese flatfish reveals that the same parasite can infect more than one species of fish