Dietary Energy Density as Marker of Dietary Quality in Swedish Children and Adolescents: The European Youth Heart Study

To investigate if dietary energy density is associated with measures of dietary quality (food group, micronutrient and macronutrient intakes) in children and adolescents

Technical and Economical Impacts on a Power System by Introducing an HTS FCL

Fault current limiters (FCLs) can be considered as key elements in power systems using high temperature superconductors. This analysis takes into account the system benefits provided by the introduction of FCLs in various network configurations. New meshing possibilities, alternative grounding method and increase of power transmission are highlighted. It is the desire of most power system utilities to maximise transferred power and to reduce system losses to a minimum in their systems. These goals could be achieved if the system impedance could be reduced. However, such measures would increase short-circuit currents enormously and endanger equipment and people's safety. This problem could be circumvented by the installation of an FCL. FCLs are often implemented in combination with transformers but the transformer itself could also be designed having an integrated current limiting functionality

Carbon isotope values of hazelnut shells: a new proxy for canopy density

Hazel (Corylus avellana) has been abundant in the vegetation of northern and central Europe since the early Holocene and has provided food and materials for humans ever since. Here we use stable carbon isotope (δ13 14 C) values of hazelnut shells to infer woodland openness based on the premise of the “canopy effect”. It is well established that plants growing in dense, shaded forests have lower carbon isotope (δ13C) values than plants growing in open areas. By measuring δ13 C values in hazelnuts collected from trees growing in different levels of light intensity, we show that the canopy effect is preserved in hazelnuts and that their δ13 C values can be used to infer woodland openness in the past. We apply the method to hazelnuts recovered from sites dated to between the Mesolithic and Iron Age (c. 7000 BCE to 1000 CE) in southern Sweden. Our results show that the nuts dated to the Mesolithic were harvested from hazels growing in a range of closed to open settings while nuts from subsequent periods were harvested from progressively more open environments. Given the abundance of hazelnuts recovered from many archaeological contexts, this method has the potential to reconstruct the microhabitats exploited by humans in the past and explore the impact of humans on their environment

Preprosthetic Surgery-Narrative Review and Current Debate

This review describes the role of modern preprosthetic surgery. The atrophic edentulous jaw can cause severe functional impairment for patients, leading to inadequate denture retention, reduced quality of life, and significant health problems. The aim of preprosthetic surgery is to restore function and form due to tooth loss arising from congenital deformity, trauma, or ablative surgery. Alveolar bone loss is due to disuse atrophy following tooth loss. The advent of dental implants and their ability to preserve bone heralded the modern version of preprosthetic surgery. Their ability to mimic natural teeth has overcome the age-old problem of edentulism and consequent jaw atrophy. Controversies with preprosthetic surgery are discussed: soft tissue versus hard tissue augmentation in the aesthetic zone, bone regeneration versus prosthetic tissue replacement in the anterior maxilla, sinus floor augmentation versus short implants in the posterior maxilla-interpositional bone grafting versus onlay grafts for vertical bone augmentation. Best results for rehabilitation are achieved by the team approach of surgeons, maxillofacial prosthodontists/general dentists, and importantly, informing patients about the available preprosthetic surgical options.</p

Physical activity monitoring in Europe : the European physical activity surveillance system (EUPASS) approach and indicator testing.

Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to describe the approach and specific findings of the European Physical Activity Surveillance System (EUPASS) research project. In particular, the analysis presented aims at testing the reliability, comparability and predictive power of different sets of physical activity (PA) indicators. Design: First, a panel study based on computer-aided telephone interview (CATI) was designed to report PA data of a representative, selected group of about 100 persons per country at three points in time. Second, a CATI time series survey was carried out with the goal of realising about 100 interviews per month over six consecutive months. Setting: The project was carried out in eight European countries to support the development of the European Union's (EU) Health Monitoring Programme. Subjects: Random population samples (subjects aged 18 years and older) were drawn from each participating country. Results: While many PA indicators used in EU countries to date as well as the psychosocial and environmental measures tested in the present study had acceptable to good reliability coefficients, the test–retest reliability scores of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) version tested (the short (last 7 days) telephone interview IPAQ; IPAQ-S7T) were rather low. The comparability between extant national PA items and the IPAQ-S7T was low for all countries. The strongest predictors of perceived health were the psychosocial and environmental PA indicators. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, more research is needed to further investigate and improve the quality of the IPAQ. In addition, the specific predictive power of the tested psychosocial and environmental PA indicators on perceived health should be of particular interest for designing health surveillance activities in the future

Bi(2223) Ag sheathed tape Ic and exponent n characterisation and modelling under DC applied magnetic field

We use a dual channel digital lock-in to perform electrical measurement of AC losses at power frequencies. A DC magnetic field between 2 and 400 mT is applied with a varying angle from parallel to perpendicular to the tape surface, thus having a complete view of the loss behavior under DC applied field. Furthermore, the same experimental layout is used to acquire time series of current and voltage across the sample. Using a triangular input current, we measure and average the voltage, which then is fitted to a power law (I/Ic)^n. The measurements are repeated for the mentioned magnetic field and angle domain to give the dependencies of Ic and n with magnetic field and angle. For device modeling purposes, we can then express a phenomenological law giving Ic and n as a function of the applied magnetic field's intensity and direction

Parametrised Preisach Modelling of Hysteresis in High Temperature Superconductors

We present a parametrised Preisach-type model that describes the hysteresis exhibited by the high temperature superconductors (HTSC); hysteresis is the main cause for losses in the subcritical domain. The parametrised model, in combination with electrical measurements, is independent of geometry, number of filaments and other physical measures, and is identified by a novel method that uses electrical lock-in (loss) measurement technique, which greatly enhances the signal to noise ratio. Identification results from measurements on Bi-2223 multi-filamentary tapes are presented. We have further derived exact models for the hysteretic losses in strip and elliptic geometry strips, where the energy losses were calculated by Norris. The paper contains analysis of the Preisach Model, of its losses and of the suggested parametrisation