Effectiveness of Gamma Irradiation for Decontamination of Microbes on Tea Parasite Herb Scurrula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans

The purpose of this study was to find the minimum and maximum dose of gamma irradiation on dried tea parasite herb that can reduce the number of microbes without reducing the inhibitory activity against leukemia L1210 cells. Samples of tea parasite herbs were irradiated by gamma rays with doses of 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy. The microbial contamination, cytotoxic activities and the chromatogram profiles of irradiated and unirradiated samples were observed. The results revealed that the bacteria contaminants of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 7.5 kGy, meanwhile the mold-yeast contaminants of 5.68 x 108 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 5 kGy. Ethyl acetate extracts of irradiated samples until the dose of 10 kGy were still able to maintain its cytotoxic activity against L1210 leukemia cells proliferation with IC50 values of < 30 µg/ml. Fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts of each sample by open column chromatograph was obtained four fractions from each extract. Among the fractions, fraction 2 was the most active fraction which had a potent as anticancer agent. Cytotoxic activities assay of fraction 2’s showed that this fractions significantly decreased after irradiation of samples with doses up to 10 kGy. The thin layer chromatogram profiles of fraction 2 from irradiated and unirradiated samples showed that spot 2 and 3 gradually tended to fade. It is suggested that 7.5 and 10 kGy were the minimum and maximum irradiation dose for bacterial and mold/yeast decontamination with the initial contamination of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g and 5.68 x 108 cfu/g respectively. At this condition, the bacteria and mold/yeast have been killed, whereas the cytotoxic activities of active components (ethyl acetate extract and fraction 2) in tea parasite herbs decreased, but the decrease was not significant and did not remove these cytotoxic activities.Received: 20 November 2010; Revised: 07 September 2011; Accepted: 19 September 201

Pengaruh Iradiasi Gamma Pada Aktivitas Sitotoksik Daging Buah Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl.)

Iradiasi gamma telah digunakanoleh industri obat herbal untuk pengawetan simplisia tanaman obat, tetapi pengaruh iradiasiterhadap khasiatnya belum diteliti. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh dosis iradiasi optimaluntuk pengawetan simplisia daging buah mahkota dewa tanpa merusak khasiatnya. Telahdilakukan iradiasi gamma terhadap simplisia daging buah kering mahkota dewa pada variasidosis 0; 5; 7,5 ; 10; 15; 20 kGy. Cemaran mikroba diuji dengan metode yang mengacu padaSNI, yang menunjukkan bahwa dosis 5 kGy telah dapat membunuh seluruh mikroba. Masingmasingsampel dimaserasi dengan etanol, lalu ekstrak yang diperoleh difraksinasi dengankromatografi kolom, diperoleh 8 fraksi. Uji sitotoksisitas fraksi-fraksi terhadap sel leukemiaL1210 menunjukkan bahwa Fr.3 merupakan fraksi paling sitotoksik. Untuk menentukan dosisiradiasi optimal dalam menghambat pertumbuhan serta membunuh semua bakteri dankapang/khamir pada simplisia daging buah mahkota dewa tanpa menurunkan aktivitassitotoksik, dilakukan analisis kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi(KCKT) terhadap Fr.3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iradiasi dengan dosis > 5 kGy padasimplisia daging buah mahkota dewa dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan membunuh semuabakteri serta kapang khamir yang ada tanpa menurunkan aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak etanolsecara nyata terhadap sel leukemia L1210. Penurunan aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak etanolterhadap sel leukemia L1210 secara nyata terjadi setelah iradiasi pada dosis > 10 kGy. Padadosis 10 kGy, aktivitas sitotoksik sudah terlihat menurun meskipun belum melampaui batassuatu fraksi dinyatakan tidak aktif dan hasil analisis profil kromatogram KLT menunjukkanbahwa Fr. 3 sedikitnya mengandung 10 komponen. Iradiasi sampai dengan dosis 20 kGymengakibatkan intensitas salah satu puncak mayor menurun, dan penurunannya sebandingdengan besarnya dosis. Dosis 5 sampai 10 kGy merupakan dosis optimum untuk tujuanpengawetan tanpa merusak aktivitas sitotoksiknya

KONDISI ANTROPOMETRI PEMAIN BOLA VOLI USIA 13-15 TAHUN: LITERATURE REVIEW

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis beberapa penelitian tentang pengukuran antropometri terhadap pemain bola voli usia 13-15 tahun agar mengetahui apa saja faktor-faktor yang memiliki hubungan dan pengaruh terhadap kondisi antropometri pemain bola voli. Metode yang digunakan adalah aliran PRISMA untuk mengidentifikasi artikel melalui proses penyaringan dan ekstraksi data. Hasil yang diperoleh dari 13 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria, seperti menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dan subjek yang digunakan usia 13-15 tahun. Penelitian yang direview mengukur berbagai macam antropometri, sehingga dalam studi ini hanya mengambil antropometri yang sering muncul seperti tinggi badan, berat badan, dan BMI. Simpulan dalam tulisan ini menyatakan bahwa studi yang ditinjau menunjukan bahwa rata-rata kondisi antropometri dari pemain Eropa lebih unggul daripada pemain dari negara Asia, hal ini dipengaruhi beberapa faktor seperti faktor genetik, latar belakang ethnic, konsumsi nutrisi, dan lingkungan

Effectiveness of Gamma Irradiation for Decontamination of Microbes on Tea Parasite Herb Scurrula Atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans

The purpose of this study was to find the minimum and maximum dose of gamma irradiation on dried tea parasite herb that can reduce the number of microbes without reducing the inhibitory activity against leukemia L1210 cells. Samples of tea parasite herbs were irradiated by gamma rays with doses of 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy. The microbial contamination, cytotoxic activities and the chromatogram profiles of irradiated and unirradiated samples were observed. The results revealed that the bacteria contaminants of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 7.5 kGy, meanwhile the mold-yeast contaminants of 5.68 x 108 cfu/g were eliminated after irradiation of the samples with dose of > 5 kGy. Ethyl acetate extracts of irradiated samples until the dose of 10 kGy were still able to maintain its cytotoxic activity against L1210 leukemia cells proliferation with IC50 values of < 30 µg/ml. Fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts of each sample by open column chromatograph was obtained four fractions from each extract. Among the fractions, fraction 2 was the most active fraction which had a potent as anticancer agent. Cytotoxic activities assay of fraction 2's showed that this fractions significantly decreased after irradiation of samples with doses up to 10 kGy. The thin layer chromatogram profiles of fraction 2 from irradiated and unirradiated samples showed that spot 2 and 3 gradually tended to fade. It is suggested that 7.5 and 10 kGy were the minimum and maximum irradiation dose for bacterial and mold/yeast decontamination with the initial contamination of 7.57 x 109 cfu/g and 5.68 x 108 cfu/g respectively. At this condition, the bacteria and mold/yeast have been killed, whereas the cytotoxic activities of active components (ethyl acetate extract and fraction 2) in tea parasite herbs decreased, but the decrease was not significant and did not remove these cytotoxic activities.Received: 20 November 2010; Revised: 07 September 2011; Accepted: 19 September 201

Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Pengetahuan Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan (Pjok) Kelas XI Semester Gasal

Assessment is a very important process in instructional. Assessment instruments that meet the exacting standards will measure the end result of a process of instructional so that student learning outcomes will be detected properly and can be used as an evaluation for future learning program. PJOK subjects that promotes skills in the realm of learning often ignore the realm of cognitive. Assessment tools to measure students\u27 cognitive sphere made without fulfilling the criteria of a good test assessment instruments so that student learning outcomes can\u27t be detected properly.Penilaian merupakan proses yang sangat penting dalam pembelajaran. Instrumen penilaian yang memenuhi standar, secara tepat akan mengukur hasil akhir dari suatu proses pembelajaran, sehingga hasil belajar siswa akan terdeteksi dengan baik dan dapat dijadikan bahan evaluasi untuk program pembelajaran selanjutnya. Mata pelajaran PJOK yang mengutamakan ranah keterampilan dalam pembelajarannya seringkali mengabaikan ranah pengetahuan. Instrumen penilaian untuk mengukur ranah pengetahuan siswa disusun harus memenuhi kriteria instrumen penilaian yang baik sehingga, hasil belajar siswa dapat terdeteksi dengan baik

Radiation-Induced Degradation of Pirimiphos Methyl in Aerated Solution

Degradation of pirimiphos methyl (1) as an active ingredient in Minawet insecticide 250 EC formulation in aqueous solution was studied. The absorbance, pH, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in aerated solution, and the analyses of degradation products at various irradiation doses with dose rate of 5 kGy/h were observed. The absorbance decreased rapidly at low doses (£ 10 kGy), while at high doses (> 10 kGy) decreased slowly. The optimum irradiation dose for pirimiphos methyl degradation in aerated solution was found to be 15 kGy at pH 3.6. At that condition, more than 99% of pirimiphos methyl has been degraded and the COD of solution decreased about 82%. The analysis of irradiated samples by GC-MS and HPLC showed that 2-diethylamino-6-methyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine (3) and oxalic acid were clarified as degraded product

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PERMAINAN GERAK DASAR LEMPAR UNTUK SISWA KELAS V SDN TAWANGARGO 4 KARANGPLOSO MALANG

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan permainan gerak dasar lempar bagi siswa kelas V di SDN Tawangargo 4 Karangploso Kabupaten Malang Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan dengan model konseptual. Prosedur  penelitian meliputi: analisis kebutuhan, pengembangan produk, dan uji coba produk. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk ini valid digunakan siswa kelas V di SDN Tawangargo 4 Karangploso Kabupaten Malang. Hasil uji coba kelompok kecil dan kelompok besar mendapat rata-rata persentase 89,26%. Angka tersebut menunjukkan bahwa model permainan ini praktis digunakan oleh siswa kelas V di SD dan efektif meningkatkan gerak dasar lempar kelas V SD. Kata Kunci: model permainan, gerak dasar lempar, siswa SD

PENGEMBANGAN VARIASI LATIHAN SEPAK SILA UNTUK PESERTA EKSTRAKURIKULER SEPAKTAKRAW DI SD NEGERI WONODADI 1 KECAMATAN WONODADI KABUPATEN BLITAR

Abstract: The aimed of this study is to develop variations of soccer practice so thatstudents are easier to learn soccer (sepak sila). The research method used is researchand development method. The result of the development of soccer practice in SDNWonodadi 1 Blitar obtained the following data: (1) The result of expert evaluation insepaktakraw obtained 100% percentage and can be used, (2) The result of expertcoaching in sepaktakraw obtained percentage 81.25% and stated can be used, (3) Resultof evaluation of media expert obtained by percentage 78,55% and stated can be used,(5) Result of small group trial obtained 89,71 percentage and expressed can be used, (6)result of large group trial obtained percentage 89,06 % And otherwise can be used. It isconcluded that the product of variation of soccer practice in SDN Wonodadi 1 Blitar isfeasible and practical to use.Keywords: Exercises variations, Takraw, Sepak silaAbstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan variasi latihan sepak sila agarsiswa lebih mudah untuk belajar sepak sila. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalahmetode penelitian dan pengembangan. Hasil pengembangan latihan sepak sila di SDNWonodadi 1 Blitar diperoleh data sebagai berikut: (1) Hasil evaluasi ahli sepaktakrawdiperoleh persentase 100% dan dinyatakan dapat digunakan, (2) Hasil evaluasi ahlikepelatihan sepaktakraw diperoleh persentase 81,25% dan dinyatakan dapat digunakan,(3)) Hasil evaluasi ahli media diperoleh persentase 78,55% dan dinyatakan dapatdigunakan, (5) Hasil uji coba kelompok kecil diperoleh persentase 89,71 dan dinyatakandapat digunakan, (6) Hasil uji coba kelompok besar diperoleh persentase 89,06% dandinyatakan dapat digunakan. Disimpulkan bahwa produk variasi latihan sepak sila di SDNWonodadi 1 Blitar ini layak dan praktis untuk digunakan.Kata Kunci: Variasi latihan, Sepak takraw, Sepak sil