Fishers’ knowledge about fish trophic interactions in the southeastern Brazilian coast

Data derived from studies of fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) can be invaluable to the proposal of new studies and more appropriate management strategies. This study analyzed the fisher's LEK about trophic relationships of fishes in the southeastern Brazilian coast, comparing fishers' LEK with scientific knowledge to provide new hypotheses. The initial contacts with fishers were made through informal visits in their residences, to explain the research goals, meet fishers and their families, check the number of resident fishers and ask for fishers' consent to participate in the research. After this initial contact, fishers were selected to be included in the interviews through the technique of snowball sampling. The fishers indicated by others who attended the criteria to be included in the research were interviewed by using a semi-structured standard questionnaire. There were interviewed 26 artisanal fishers from three communities of the Ilhabela: Jabaquara, Fome and Serraria. The interviewed fishers showed a detailed knowledge about the trophic interactions of the studied coastal fishes, as fishers mentioned 17 food items for these fishes and six fish and three mammals as fish predators. The most mentioned food items were small fish, shrimps and crabs, while the most mentioned predators were large reef fishes. Fishers also mentioned some predators, such as sea otters, that have not been reported by the biological literature and are poorly known. The LEK of the studied fishers showed a high degree of concordance with the scientific literature regarding fish diet. This study evidenced the value of fishers' LEK to improve fisheries research and management, as well as the needy to increase the collaboration among managers, biologists and fishers

ARTISANAL FISHING AND FISHERMEN OF ILHABELA - SAO PAULO STATE - BRAZIL

This work was developed in Ilhabela, northern coast of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objective was to characterize artisanal fisheries in fishing communities of Jabaquara Beach, Serraria Beach, Fome Beach and Bonete Beach. Fishing methods, strategies and equipment used by fishers, as well as, local forms of marketing and exploited fishery resources are approached in this study. The data were collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Information such as general aspects of fishing, socioeconomic data, time of fishing technology and fishing strategies in use was obtained. This research included 20 fishermen from Serraria beach, six from Jabaquara beach, 10 from Fome beach and 18 from Bonete Beach, totaling 54 interviews. In general, the artisanal fishery is still the main economic activity; however, develop other activities, such as activities related to tourism. Forty five fishing points were cited. The main gear used by fishers in the fishing points, along with fishing techniques are the rede de espera (set gillnet) and the main type of vessel is the batera. The ichthyofauna was characterized with 76 identified species belonging to 65 genera and 38 biological families. The aspects related to fishing activities are part of the knowledge of fishermen on the environment and constitute a comprehensive collection of information that, together with biological information can be useful to deepen the knowledge of fish ecology and management of local fisheries resources. The information available from this study is important as a baseline to allow temporal comparison of the fishing and fish in this region.38323124

Are biological species and higher-ranking categories real? Fish folk taxonomy on Brazil’s Atlantic Forest coast and in the Amazon

Analysis of Brazilian fishers' classifications of 24 marine (Atlantic coast) and 24 freshwater (Amazon) fish species reveals that fishers from the Atlantic coast identify fish mainly through generic names (primary lexemes), while riverine Amazonian fishers typically identify them through binomials. The similarity of Amazonian fish species seems to contribute to the detailed folk taxonomy used by riverine fishers. High-ranking groups called "relatives" or "cousins" are sorted by fishers in terms of similarities of habitat, diet, and morphology and, secondarily, behavior. The general correspondence between the folk and scientific taxonomies reinforces the reality of both the supracategories used by these fishers and the biological groups as discontinuities in nature. Given the urgency of biological inventories and the lack of knowledge of high-biodiversity environments such as the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon, these results suggest that fisher knowledge and experience could contribute to scientific research.49229130

Ethnobiology of snappers (Lutjanidae): target species and suggestions for management

In this study, we sought to investigate the biology (diet and reproduction) and ethnobiology (fishers knowledge and fishing spots used to catch snappers) of five species of snappers (Lutjanidae), including Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus synagris, Lutjanus vivanus, Ocyurus chrysurus, and Romboplites saliens at five sites along the northeast (Riacho Doce, Maceió in Alagoas State, and Porto do Sauípe, Entre Rios at Bahia State) and the southeast (SE) Brazilian coast (Paraty and Rio de Janeiro cities at Rio de Janeiro State, and Bertioga, at São Paulo State.)

Fishers and groupers (epinephelus marginatus and E. morio) in the coast of Brazil : integrating information for conservation

Groupers are a vulnerable but economically important group of fish, especially for small-scale fisheries. We investigated catches and local ecological knowledge (LEK) of diet, habitat, and past fishing experiences. Landings, prices, interviews, and restaurants demand for two species, Epinephelus marginatus (dusky grouper) and Epinephelus morio (red grouper), were registered. We visited 74 markets and 79 sites on the coast of Brazil in 2017–2018, and we interviewed 71 fishers: Bahia (NE), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (SE), and Santa Catarina (S). The landings sampled of dusky grouper (2016–2017) in Rio de Janeiro were: n = 222, size 38–109 cm, weight 1–24 kg, average 3.84 kg; in São Paulo, São Sebastião were: n = 47, size 39–106 cm, weight 2–8 kg, average of 2.77 kg; and at Santos: n = 80, 26–120 cm, weight 0.36–15 kg, average 2.72 kg. Red grouper was observed in markets in the northeastern Brazil. We did not observe Epinephelus marginatus from Bahia northward; a maximum size of 200 cm was reported south of the Bahia, besides Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo coasts, 20 years ago (or longer) by 12 fishers. Local knowledge of fishers was important for grouper data of habitat and diet; the reproduction period was identified by fishers as September to March. Groupers can be considered as a cultural and ecological keystone species. We suggest protective measures: 1) fishing zoning, 2) islands (MPAs) with the surveillance of fishers, 3) late Spring and early Summer as key periods for management (grouper reproduction), 4) studies on grouper larvae, 5) mapping of fishing spots, 6) studies on local knowledge. Collaboration with small-scale fishers and local knowledge could contribute to low-conflict management measures. In that regard, integrative models of management from Latin America, by using local knowledge and citizen science, could produce successful grouper management for Brazilian data-poor fisheries, a contrasting reality to the Mediterranean areas. Finally, the distribution of E. marginatus in Brazil leave us with questions: a) Have dusky groupers disappeared from Bahia because of a decline in the population? b) Was it uncommon in Northeast Brazil? c) Did changes in water temperatures forced a movement southward?151CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP307762/2013–0; 301592/2017–914/16939–7In addition to FAPESP and CNPq, we acknowledge Eduardo Camargo and Marco Antonio A. G. Araújo for helping with fieldwork in NE Brazil and Mara Magenta (UNISANTA) for helping us with infrastructure for fish larvae observation in the laboratory. We are grateful to the fisher-buyers Antonio, Elenilson and Valdecir. We are also very grateful to Rodrigo Caires, who supported us with taxonomic matter

Folk Taxonomy Of Fishes Of Artisanal Fishermen Of Ilhabela (são Paulo/brazil) [etnotaxonomia De Peixes Dos Pescadores Artesanais De Ilhabela (são Paulo/brasil)]

This article investigates the folk taxonomy of four artisanal fisheries communities in Ilhabela/SP. The local folk taxonomy shows how these fishermen identify, name and classify fish resources in the environment exploited by them. Forty-two fishermen from four different local communities of Ilhabela were interviewed through a structured questionnaire and photographs of fish species with occurrence for the southeast region of Brazil. Respondents identified the 24 species listed as 50 generic names and 27 binominal specific names, mainly related to aspects of fish species morphology such as color, shape and size. These fish were classified into eight groups according to local criteria related to the morphology, ecology and fishing forms associated with the capture of species. The morphological aspect was identified as the most used feature by respondents to name and classify local fish, followed by ecological aspects such as behavior, diet and habitat. The comparison of local criteria used for the groups was similar to the scientific taxonomy criteria, showing a detailed local ecological knowledge by this group of fishers.1242940Acheson, J.M., (1988) The lobster gangs of maine, , University Press of New England, United States of AmericaAtran, S., Itzaj Maya folkbiological taxonomy: Cognitive universal sand cultural particulars (1999) Folkbiology, pp. 119-203. , In (D.L. Medin & S. Atran, eds.). The MIT Press, CambridgeBegossi, A., Introdução: Ecologia humana (2004) Ecologia de Pescadores da Mata Atlântica e da Amazônia, pp. 13-36. , In (A. Begossi, org.). Hucitec, São PauloBegossi, A., Garavello, J.C., Notes on the Ethnoichthyology of Fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil) (1990) Acta Amazon., 20, pp. 341-351Begossi, A., Figueiredo, J.L., Ethnoicthyology of Southern Coastal Fishermen: Cases from Búzios Island and Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) (1995) B. Mar. Sci., 56 (2), pp. 710-717Begossi, A., Clauzet, M., Figueiredo, J.L., Garuana, L.R.V., Lima, P.F., McCord, P.F., Ramires, M., Silvano, R.A.M., Are biological species and higher-ranking categories real? Fish folk taxonomy on Brazil's Atlantic Forest and in the Amazon (2008) Curr. Anthropol., 49 (2), pp. 1-16. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/527437Begossi, A., May, P.H., Lopes, P.F., Oliveira, L.E.C., Vinha, V., Silvano, R.M.A., Compensation for environmental services from artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil: Policy and technical strategies (2011) Ecol. Econ., 71, pp. 25-32. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.008Berkes, F., (1999) Sacred ecology: Traditional ecological knowledge and resource management, , Taylor & Francis, PhiladelphiaBerkes, F., Folke, C., Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, pp. 1-25. , In (F. Berkes, C. Folke, J. Colding). Cambridge University PressBerlin, B., (1992) Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in tradicional societies, , Princeton University Press, PrincetonBrown, C., (1984) Language and Living things: Uniformities in folk classification and naming, , Rutgers University Press, New BrunswickCalvente, M.D.C.M.H., Ilhabela: Turismo e Território (1997) Ilhas e Sociedades Insulares, pp. 93-109. , In (A.C. Diegues). NUPAUB, São PauloCarvalho Filho, A., (1999) Peixes: Costa brasileira, , Melro, São PauloClauzet, M., Ramires, M., Begossi, A., Etnoictiologia dos pescadores artesanais da Praia de Guaibim, Valença (BA), Brasil (2007) Neotrop. Biol. 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Folk taxonomy of fishes of artisanal fishermen of Ilhabela (Sao Paulo/Brazil)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)This article investigates the folk taxonomy of four artisanal fisheries communities in Ilhabela/SP. The local folk taxonomy shows how these fishermen identify, name and classify fish resources in the environment exploited by them. Forty-two fishermen from four different local communities of Ilhabela were interviewed through a structured questionnaire and photographs of fish species with occurrence for the southeast region of Brazil. Respondents identified the 24 species listed as 50 generic names and 27 binominal specific names, mainly related to aspects of fish species morphology such as color, shape and size. These fish were classified into eight groups according to local criteria related to the morphology, ecology and fishing forms associated with the capture of species. The morphological aspect was identified as the most used feature by respondents to name and classify local fish, followed by ecological aspects such as behavior, diet and habitat. The comparison of local criteria used for the groups was similar to the scientific taxonomy criteria, showing a detailed local ecological knowledge by this group of fishers.1242940Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)PhD scholarship [04/02183-6]Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [01/05263]PhD scholarship [04/02183-6]CAPES [330033017/082 Nepam/UNICAMP