Teaching Casual Random Blood Glucose Screening to Second-Year Dental Students

In our project, archived casual random blood glucose levels of second-year dental students who were taught the mechanics of self-testing were retrieved. Material data were analyzed by calculating means, medians, standard deviations, and ranges for 161 dental students screened by this casual and random self-monitoring of blood glucose levels as described by the American Diabetes Association’s 2008 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Three types of data were assessed in this study. The first was the casual blood glucose levels of second-year dental students. The second was the data retrieved from student questionnaires regarding the value of teaching casual random blood glucose screening. The third was the U.S. dental schools’ responses regarding inclusion of casual blood glucose screening in their current curricula. Second-year dental students self-reported hypoglycemia in three instances and hyperglycemia in eight, based on current American Diabetes Association standards. Students agreed or strongly agreed that the value of teaching was informative (92.3 percent), beneficial (95 percent), and something that might be included in their practices (78.2 percent), with 19.2 percent being neutral on the inclusion. Only six U.S. dental schools reported teaching casual random glucose screening

Hairy Tongue

Hairy tongue (lingua villosa) is a commonly observed condition of defective desquamation of the filiform papillae that results from a variety of precipitating factors. [1] The condition is most frequently referred to as black hairy tongue (lingua villosa nigra); however, hairy tongue may also appear brown, white, green, pink, or any of a variety of hues depending on the specific etiology and secondary factors (eg, use of colored mouthwashes, breath mints, candies). [2, 3] See the images below

Hairy Leukoplakia

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a disease of the mucosa first described in 1984. This pathology is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs mostly in people with HIV infection, both immunocompromised and immunocompetent, and can affect patients who are HIV negative. [1, 2] The first case in an HIV-negative patient was reported in 1999 in a 56-year-old patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Later, many cases were reported in heart, kidney, and bone marrow transplant recipients and patients with hematological malignancies. [3, 4

Oral Examination

The oral cavity is the first component of the digestive tract, which is delimited by the lips anteriorly and the oropharynx posteriorly. The oral cavity functions as a protective barrier and is an essential component for speech and swallowing, mastication, digestion, and taste sensation. The oral examination comprises a uniform and consistent inspection of the head and neck and an intraoral evaluation of the hard and soft tissues (see the images below) in conjunction with a thorough medical and dental history. The entire mouth should be inspected regardless of the patient’s chief complaint and reasons for the visit. [1, 2] Good patient’s history and careful examination are important to establish the correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. The physical examination begins with an extraoral examination to identify possible lesions (such as rash, erythema, and pigmentation), swelling or facial asymmetry. The head and neck should be palpated to identify any tenderness, masses and lymphadenopathy. All muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint should be palpated for tenderness; patients should be asked to open and close the mouth multiple times to evaluate any limited opening, deviations or asymmetries. The cranial nerve examination should be performed to assess possible neurosensory and neuromuscular deficits. A good light source is fundamental for a good intraoral examination. Any intraoral lesion should be described with respect to size, extent, thickness, color, texture, consistency, and tenderness

VLBI observations of jupiter with the initial test station of LOFAR and the nancay decametric array

AIMS: To demonstrate and test the capability of the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes to perform high resolution observations across intra-continental baselines. Jupiter's strong burst emission is used to perform broadband full signal cross-correlations on time intervals of up to hundreds of milliseconds. METHODS: Broadband VLBI observations at about 20 MHz on a baseline of ~50000 wavelengths were performed to achieve arcsecond angular resolution. LOFAR's Initial Test Station (LOFAR/ITS, The Netherlands) and the Nancay Decametric Array (NDA, France) digitize the measured electric field with 12 bit and 14 bit in a 40 MHz baseband. The fine structure in Jupiter's signal was used for data synchronization prior to correlation on the time-series data. RESULTS: Strong emission from Jupiter was detected during snapshots of a few seconds and detailed features down to microsecond time-scales were identified in dynamic spectra. Correlations of Jupiter's burst emission returned strong fringes on 1 ms time-scales over channels as narrow as a hundred kilohertz bandwidth. CONCLUSIONS: Long baseline interferometry is confirmed at low frequencies, in spite of phase shifts introduced by variations in ionospheric propagation characteristics. Phase coherence was preserved over tens to hundreds of milliseconds with a baseline of ~700 km. No significant variation with time was found in the correlations and an estimate for the fringe visibility of 1, suggested that the source was not resolved. The upper limit on the source region size of Jupiter Io-B S-bursts corresponds to an angular resolution of ~3 arcsec. Adding remote stations to the LOFAR network at baselines up to thousand kilometers will provide 10 times higher resolution down to an arcsecond.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Nigl, A., Zarka, P., Kuijpers, J., Falcke, H., Baehren, L., VLBI observations of Jupiter with the Initial Test Station of LOFAR and the Nancay Decametric Array, A&A, 471, 1099-1104, accepted on 31/05/200

The management of technological innovation in the hotel industry: a critical literature review.

This paper takes the form of a critical review of literature on technological innovation in the hotel industry. It aims to develop fuller understanding of the nature of the managerial capabilities which underpin effective implementation and development of technological innovation in the industry context. The review undertaken has been informed by key national and international tourism and enterprise development strategy documents (The Bacon Report, 2009; The National Development Plan, 2007; Failte Ireland, 2005; Tourism Policy Review Group, 2003). Collectively, these reports show that existing CRM capability knowledge is substantially inadequate, leading to a negative impact on business performance and a short-fall in the availability of appropriately crafted solutions to meet the industry’s future challenges. This study’s focus is on the customer-relating capability of key stakeholders which has been identified in the literature as a key business success driver (Day, 2003)

Investigation of the reaction of α-Thioamides, α-esters and α–nitriles with N-halosuccinimides

Investigation of the reaction of α-thioamides, α-esters and α-nitriles with NBS and NCS is described. The scope of this stereoselective oxidative transformation to the β- haloacrylamides, β-acrylates and β–acrylonitriles has been determined. A mechanistic rationale to explain the observed differences in reactivity between the amide, ester and nitrile series is proposed

Investigation of the chemoselective and enantioselective oxidation of α-thio-β-chloroacrylamides

Investigation of the chemoselective and enantioselective oxidation of α-thio-β-chloroacrylamides is described. The α-thio-β-chloroacrylamides can be selectively oxidized to either the racemic sulfoxide or the sulfone very efficiently. The asymmetric sulfur oxidation of α-thio-β-chloroacrylamides is also discussed, with sulfoxide enantioselectivites of up to 52% ee achieved using the Kagan oxidation, and up to 71% ee when the Bolm oxidation is employed. While the enantioselectivities achieved are modest, these are among the most highly functionalised sulfides investigated in catalytic asymmetric oxidation, and the resulting enantioenriched sulfoxides have significant synthetic potential

The influence of reaction conditions on the Diels-Alder cycloadditions of 2-thio-3-chloroacrylamides; investigation of thermal, catalytic and microwave conditions

The Diels-Alder cycloadditions of cyclopentadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene to a range of 2-thio-3-chloroacrylamides under thermal, catalytic and microwave conditions is described. The influence of reaction conditions on the outcome of the cycloadditions, in particular the stereoselectivity and reaction efficiency, is discussed. While the cycloadditions have been attempted at the sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone levels of oxidation, use of the sulfoxide derivatives is clearly beneficial for stereoselective construction of Diels-Alder cycloadducts