Autogenic Training Relaxation Helping Postpartum Mothers to Achieve Successful Breastfeeding on Early Lactation Period

Introduction: The numbers of breastfeeding failures are mostly caused by mothers` disbelief to themselves. One method that can be done to overcome these problems in accordance with the self-care nursing theory is the autogenic training relaxation. This method teaches mothers to be self-sufficient in building a positive intention and motivation to help the process of breastfeeding. This study aimed to examine the influence of autogenic training relaxation to the effectiveness of breastfeeding and the enhancement of breast milk volume on maternal postpartum. Method: By using an experimental posttest only-non equivalent control group design, 26 samples were taken based on the criteria and divided into two groups by matching technuiqe. autogenic training was given through MP3 Player for 3 weeks. Post-test observation conducted on the third week by home visit. Via Christi Breastfeeding Assessment Tool Jan Riordan modifications used to assess the effectiveness of breastfeeding, and to measure the milk ejection volume, used weighing test using electronic baby scales. Data were analyzed using one-tailed independent t test with α ≤ 0.05. Result: The analysis showed that mothers who did autogenic training relaxation could breastfeed more effectively and had greater average volume of milk ejection than the control group (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001). Discussion: It can be concluded that autogenic relaxation training techniques affect the effectiveness of breastfeeding and breast milk volume. These results can be considered that autogenic training as an intervention in program of support for breastfeeding mothers

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Increased rates of protein evolution and asymmetric deceleration after the whole-genome duplication in yeasts

Analysis of evolution rates in fungal WGD orthogroups. The S. cerevisiae PSK1/PSK2 orthogroup is shown as an example of significantly relaxed purifying selection after duplication. Gray branches indicate the orthologs of PSK1/PSK2 in ascomycetes species that diverged before the WGD (yellow star), while black branches indicate post-WGD species with two paralogous clades. Average dN/dS ratios are shown for both non-WGD (ω0) and post-WGD genes (ωwgd); the p-value is from the likelihood ratio test of the alternative hypothesis of different rates of protein evolution between ω0 and ωwgd. (EPS 1264 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Increased rates of protein evolution and asymmetric deceleration after the whole-genome duplication in yeasts

Results are consistent for most orthogroups when using two alternative data sets. (A) Comparison of Likelihood-Ratio Test (LRT) values for the hypothesis test comparing the two evolutionary models (null: ω0 = ωwgd; alternative: ω0 ≠ ωwgd) using sequences from two different datasets: the Yeast Genome Order Browser (YGOB) [14] and the Fungal Orthogroups Repository (FOR) [35]. (B) Venn diagram of orthogroups in which the alternative hypothesis (ω0 ≠ ωwgd) is accepted in the YGOB and the FOR data sets, (C) Comparison of non-WGD (gray dots) and post-WGD dN/dS ratios of 426 orthogroups calculated for sequences for the YGOB and the FOR data sets. (EPS 2241 kb

Additional file 3: Table S1. of Increased rates of protein evolution and asymmetric deceleration after the whole-genome duplication in yeasts

YGOB data set analysis, including dN/dS data, likelihood-ratio tests' results, and S. cerevisiae protein properties and functions for 535 orthogroups. (XLSX 242 kb

Additional file 4: Table S2. of Increased rates of protein evolution and asymmetric deceleration after the whole-genome duplication in yeasts

FOR data set analysis, including dN/dS data, likelihood-ratio tests' results for 462 orthogroups. (XLSX 57 kb

Maximum likelihood phylogenies of three different types of toxin-like transcripts from <i>C. noxius</i> and other scorpion/spider species taken from ToxProt (bolds).

<p>A. Sodium channel modifiers; beta type transcripts are highlighted in red, alpha type in blue and LVPs in green. B. Potassium channel blockers; alpha type transcripts are highlighted in red, beta type in green, gamma type in blue. C. Metalloproteases; venom metalloprotease-like isotigs are highlighted in green, astacin-like in blue and antarease-like in red. 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates were performed. Supported bifurcations (bootstrap values >500) are shown.</p

Homology based annotation.

<p>The isotigs were blasted against NCBI-NR, Flybase and ToxProt (eval <1e−05, identity >30%, coverage >30%); the intersection of the significant hits is shown in A. Gene Ontologies were also obtained using Blast2Go; general biological processes represented in the transcriptome of <i>C. noxius</i> are shown in the legend of chart in B.</p

PhyML phylogenies with two independent amino acid datasets show long branch lengths for <i>C. noxius</i>.

<p>A. Tree topology of eukaryotic essential genes obtained from distant species. <i>C. noxius</i> is grouped with other arthropods (insects) as highlighted in red. B. Arthropod specific tree, where <i>C. noxius</i> is grouped with other Chelicerata (red), together with two scorpion species from Caraboctonidae and Scorpionidae families. Color code: blue, Hexapoda; purple, Crustacea; pink, Oligostraca; orange, Myriapoda; red, Chelicerata; green, Pycnogonida; black, outgroups (Onychophora; <i>H. sapiens</i> and <i>C. elegans</i>). See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043331#pone.0043331.s006" target="_blank">Table S2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043331#pone.0043331.s007" target="_blank">Table S3</a> for full names of the species. LG (A) and JTT (B) models were used, and 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates were performed. Bootrstrap support values >500 are shown in both trees.</p

Differential transcriptional abundance observed in active and resting telson conditions.

<p>A. Number of isogroups showing differential expression validated with Fisher and Q tests (á<0,05). The intersection in the graph indicates those isogroups that are equally expressed in both conditions. B. Functional classification of the isogroups in A that have significant blast hits on NCBI-NR. The numbers in brackets represent the percentages over the total number of isogroups preferentially expressed in active or resting conditions.</p