Sign Language Fingerspelling Classification from Depth and Color Images using a Deep Belief Network

Automatic sign language recognition is an open problem that has received a lot of attention recently, not only because of its usefulness to signers, but also due to the numerous applications a sign classifier can have. In this article, we present a new feature extraction technique for hand pose recognition using depth and intensity images captured from a Microsoft Kinect sensor. We applied our technique to American Sign Language fingerspelling classification using a Deep Belief Network, for which our feature extraction technique is tailored. We evaluated our results on a multi-user data set with two scenarios: one with all known users and one with an unseen user. We achieved 99% recall and precision on the first, and 77% recall and 79% precision on the second. Our method is also capable of real-time sign classification and is adaptive to any environment or lightning intensity.Comment: Published in 2014 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Visio

Foreign direct investment as engine of economic development in peripheral economies. What can we learn from the study of two different cases: the maquiladora subsidiary (Nicaragua) and a textile manufacturing subsidiary in (Albania)

Using the analysis of two apparently very different cases, a Taiwanese maquiladora subsidiary of the garment industry (Nien Hsing Textile Co.) in Nicaragua and an Italian subsidiary in Albania, we try to verify the existence of the benefits attributed by many host governments to inward manufacturing foreign direct investment as engine of development in peripheral economies. In each case, we study three specific questions: (1) the technological transfer from the subsidiary, (2) the mobility potential of the manufacturing activities of the subsidiary, and (3) the evolution of the quality of the subsidiary (integration in the territory and complexity of the activities realised) in time. In answering our questions we conduct fieldwork in the two countries. We interacted directly with stakeholders involved in the operations of each subsidiary including interviews with corporate managers and employees, data collection on subsidiary operations, and visits on production sites. We analyze the main channels of technology transfer focusing on the quality of linkages each subsidiary established in the local economy, on the level of additional formal and informal knowledge benefiting the local labor force, and on the support offered to local suppliers in strengthening production activities. We continue by identifying the main factors affecting the mobility of each subsidiary by differentiating between impeding and facilitating factors. Among impeding factors we concentrate on: (a) the resources (generic vs. specific) utilized by each subsidiary in the two countries, (b) market access opportunities in the local economy, (c) the nature of assets owned and engaged in realizing production activities, and (d) other factors constraining the mobility potential (exit costs and the level of integration of each subsidiary with other units of the multinational enterprise). With regard to facilitating factors we particularly consider the existence of substitute plants. In responding to our third question, we look into the nature of linkages (developmental vs. dependent) established by each subsidiary with local suppliers. Furthermore, we examine not only the change in the level of complexity of functions and duties occurring during the operational life of the subsidiaries but also the specific factors that trigger such a change. Among the factors considered in our research are the decisions made by headquarters on allocation of responsibilities, actions taken by the managers supervising each subsidiary, and on the dynamics occurring in the local business environment. The similarities and differences found in the two cases cast doubts upon the contribution of this investment to the development potential of the economy of the host territory.Postprint (published version

It can't hurt to ask; a patient-centered quality of service assessment of health canada's medical cannabis policy and program

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2001 Health Canada responded to a series of Ontario court decisions by creating the Marihuana Medical Access Division (MMAD) and the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR). Although Health Canada has conducted a small number of stakeholder consultations, the federal government has never polled federally authorized cannabis patients. This study is an attempt to learn more about patient needs, challenges and experiences with the MMAD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Launched in the spring of 2007, <it>Quality of Service Assessment of Health Canada's Medical Cannabis Policy and Program</it> pairs a 50 question online survey addressing the personal experiences of patients in the federal cannabis program with 25 semi-guided interviews. Data gathering for this study took place from April 2007 to Jan. 2008, eventually garnering survey responses from 100 federally-authorized users, which at the time represented about 5% of the patients enrolled in Health Canada's program. This paper presents the results of the survey portion of the study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>8% of respondents report getting their cannabis from Health Canada, while 66% grow it for themselves. >50% report that they frequent compassion clubs or dispensaries, which remain illegal and unregulated in Canada. 81% of patients would chose certified organic methods of cultivation; >90% state that not all strains are equally effective at relieving symptoms, and 97% would prefer to obtain cannabis from a source where multiple strains are available. Of the 48 patients polled that had tried the Health Canada cannabis supply, >75% rank it as either "1" or "2" on a scale of 1-10 (with "1" being "very poor", and 10 being "excellent").</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>72% of respondents report they are either "somewhat" or "totally unsatisfied" with Canada's medical cannabis program. These survey results and relevant court decisions suggest that the MMAR are not meeting the needs of most of the nation's medical cannabis patient community. It is hoped this research will help inform policy changes that will better address the needs of Canada's critically and chronically ill medical cannabis patient population, including the integration of community-based dispensaries into this novel healthcare delivery model.</p

On the Convergence of Population Protocols When Population Goes to Infinity

Population protocols have been introduced as a model of sensor networks consisting of very limited mobile agents with no control over their own movement. A population protocol corresponds to a collection of anonymous agents, modeled by finite automata, that interact with one another to carry out computations, by updating their states, using some rules. Their computational power has been investigated under several hypotheses but always when restricted to finite size populations. In particular, predicates stably computable in the original model have been characterized as those definable in Presburger arithmetic. We study mathematically the convergence of population protocols when the size of the population goes to infinity. We do so by giving general results, that we illustrate through the example of a particular population protocol for which we even obtain an asymptotic development. This example shows in particular that these protocols seem to have a rather different computational power when a huge population hypothesis is considered.Comment: Submitted to Applied Mathematics and Computation. 200

Regulating compassion: an overview of Canada's federal medical cannabis policy and practice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In response to a number of court challenges brought forth by Canadian patients who demonstrated that they benefited from the use of medicinal cannabis but remained vulnerable to arrest and persecution as a result of its status as a controlled substance, in 1999 Canada became the second nation in the world to initiate a centralized medicinal cannabis program. Over its six years of existence, this controversial program has been found unconstitutional by a number of courts, and has faced criticism from the medical establishment, law enforcement, as well as the patient/participants themselves.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This critical policy analysis is an evidence-based review of court decisions, government records, relevant studies and Access to Information Act data related to the three main facets of Health Canada's medicinal cannabis policy – the Marihuana Medical Access Division (MMAD); the Canadians Institute of Health Research Medical Marijuana Research Program; and the federal cannabis production and distribution program. This analysis also examines Canada's network of unregulated community-based dispensaries.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There is a growing body of evidence that Health Canada's program is not meeting the needs of the nation's medical cannabis patient community and that the policies of the Marihuana Medical Access Division may be significantly limiting the potential individual and public health benefits achievable though the therapeutic use of cannabis. Canada's community-based dispensaries supply medical cannabis to a far greater number of patients than the MMAD, but their work is currently unregulated by any level of government, leaving these organizations and their clients vulnerable to arrest and prosecution.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Any future success will depend on the government's ability to better assess and address the needs and legitimate concerns of end-users of this program, to promote and fund an expanded clinical research agenda, and to work in cooperation with community-based medical cannabis dispensaries in order to address the ongoing issue of safe and timely access to this herbal medicine.</p

Caractérisation de la variabilité interne des modèles régionaux de climat

Les modèles régionaux de climat (MRC) sont maintenant reconnus comme des outils efficaces pour augmenter la résolution des simulations climatiques à un ordre d'environ 50 km. Cette résolution est jugée nécessaire pour décrire de nombreux impacts liés aux changements climatiques. Un modèle régional de climat (MRC) performe une simulation climatique sur une sous-région du globe. Pour cette raison, un MRC doit utiliser des données pilotes au pourtour de la sous-région pour tenir compte de la circulation atmosphérique qui parcourt le globe. Les données provenant d'un MRC sont de plus en plus utilisées par les décideurs pour prendre des mesures d'adaptation adéquates en fonction des changements climatiques projetés. Pour cette raison, les scientifiques qui livrent les données climatiques aux décideurs doivent fournir les données les plus précises possibles. L'une des incertitudes des projections de changements climatiques produites par les MRC est associée au comportement chaotique du système climatique qui est simulé. En raison de ce comportement, le climat simulé avec un MRC peut diverger d'un autre climat simulé lancé avec des conditions initiales légèrement différentes tout en étant en accord avec les mêmes forçages imposés. La variabilité mesurée entre les simulations lancées avec différentes conditions initiales est appelée variabilité interne. La variabilité interne des MRC est étudiée depuis quelques années. Ces études sont généralement limitées par les ensembles de simulations nécessaires au calcul de la variabilité interne. Ces ensembles comportent généralement peu de simulations qui sont courtes et qui sont intégrées sur de petits domaines. Le premier objectif de cette thèse consistait à vérifier les hypothèses émises dans les articles précédents sur la variabilité interne des MRC en utilisant un ensemble de simulations actuel. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, un ensemble comportant dix simulations de dix ans couvrant l'Amérique du nord a été réalisé avec le modèle régional canadien du climat. L'évolution temporelle de la variabilité interne de cet ensemble pour la pression au niveau moyen de la mer (PNM) et pour la température au niveau de l'abri (TA) révèle un cycle annuel faible avec des valeurs en hiver et au printemps légèrement plus élevées. Ce résultat, qui se distingue de celui des études précédentes; suggère que l'augmentation de la dimension du domaine diminue l'efficacité du contrôle du pilote sur le MRC, ce qui augmente la variabilité interne. Pour les variables étudiées, la variabilité interne augmente généralement d'ouest en est du domaine selon la circulation générale vers l'est. Une comparaison de la variabilité interne avec la variabilité temporelle montre que la variabilité interne pour la PNM est près de son maximum en été dans le nord-est du domaine. Une comparaison du climat de dix ans pour la TA en été de chacune des simulations avec la moyenne d'ensemble montre que la variabilité interne peut avoir un impact important sur le climat simulé. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse consistait à trouver un outil capable de quantifier le contrôle du pilote sur une simulation effectuée avec un MRC. Cet outil est un traceur qui calcule le temps de résidence des parcelles atmosphériques à l'intérieur du domaine d'un MRC. Ce traceur a été utilisé pour première fois dans l'ensemble de simulations décrit précédemment. Les diagnostiques du climat généré par l'ensemble montre le bon fonctionnement du traceur. Le temps de résidence est plus élevé en été qu'en hiver en liaison avec la circulation atmosphérique qui est plus rapide en hiver. Le temps de résidence augmente d'ouest en est à l'intérieur du domaine aussi en relation avec la circulation atmosphérique générale vers l'est. Un diagramme de disperison généré avec les distributions spatiales de la variabilité interne relative des variables étudiées et du temps de résidence montre que la variabilité interne augmente linéairement avec le temps de résidence similairement en été qu'en hiver. Ce résultat appuie plusieurs études précédentes qui proposaient un lien entre la circulation atmosphérique et la variabilité interne. D'après la relation trouvée, le temps de résidence peut être utilisé comme un indicateur quantitatif du contrôle des données pilotes exercé sur un MRC. On envisage que cet outil sera utile pour les analyses futures effectuées avec les MRC. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Variabilité interne, Modélisation régionale du climat, Ensemble de simulations, Temps de résidence, Climat nord-américain