Finite volume solution of the compressible boundary-layer equations

A box-type finite volume discretization is applied to the integral form of the compressible boundary layer equations. Boundary layer scaling is introduced through the grid construction: streamwise grid lines follow eta = y/h = const., where y is the normal coordinate and h(x) is a scale factor proportional to the boundary layer thickness. With this grid, similarity can be applied explicity to calculate initial conditions. The finite volume method preserves the physical transparency of the integral equations in the discrete approximation. The resulting scheme is accurate, efficient, and conceptually simple. Computations for similar and non-similar flows show excellent agreement with tabulated results, solutions computed with Keller's Box scheme, and experimental data

Hubungan Asam Lemak Rantai Pendek, Stratifikasi, dan Giberelin pada Perkecambahan Embrio Apel

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the inhibitory properties of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in apple embryo germination. The result showed that the SCFA inhibition on apple embryo germination was dependent on chain length and was in the millimolar range. No synergistic effect was observed when SCFA were applied simultaneously. The inhibition of SCFA was reversed by GA4+7. A higher concentration of SCFA was needed to inhibit embryo germination as the stratification progressed

Occurrence, Availability, and Chemical Quality of Ground Water in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas July 1979

Report on Occurrence, Availability, and Chemical Quality of Ground Water in the Edwards Plateau region of Texa

Using Lyman-α\alpha transits to constrain models of atmospheric escape

Lyman-$\alpha$ transits provide an opportunity to test models of atmospheric escape directly. However, translating observations into constraints on the properties of the escaping atmosphere is challenging. The major reason for this is that the observable parts of the outflow often comes from material outside the planet's Hill sphere, where the interaction between the planetary outflow and circumstellar environment is important. As a result, 3D models are required to match observations. Whilst 3D hydrodynamic simulations are able to match observational features qualitatively, they are too computationally expensive to perform a statistical retrieval of properties of the outflow. Here, we develop a model that determines the trajectory, ionization state and 3D geometry of the outflow as a function of its properties and system parameters. We then couple this model to a ray tracing routine in order to produce synthetic transits. We demonstrate the validity of this approach, reproducing the trajectory of the outflows seen in 3D simulations. We illustrate the use of this model by performing a retrieval on the transit spectrum of GJ 436 b. Our model constrains the sound speed of the outflow $\gtrsim 10 \text{ km s}^{-1}$, indicating that we can rule out core-powered mass loss as the mechanism driving the outflow for this planet. The bound on planetary outflow velocity and mass loss rates are consistent with a photoevaporative wind

HUBUNGAN ASAM LEMAK RANTAI PENDEK, STRATIFIKASI, DAN GIBERELIN PADA PERKECAMBAHAN EMBRIO APEL

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the inhibitory properties of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in apple embryo germination. The result showed that the SCFA inhibition on apple embryo germination was dependent on chain length and was in the millimolar range. No synergistic effect was observed when SCFA were applied simultaneously. The inhibition of SCFA was reversed by GA4+7. A higher concentration of SCFA was needed to inhibit embryo germination as the stratification progressed

IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSES OF SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN APPLE SEED PARTS DURING STRATIFICATION

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis perubahan kandungan asam lemak rantai pendek (ALRP) pada biji apel selama stratifikasi. Asam-asam heksanoat, oktanoat, nonanoat, dan dekanoat telah diidentifikasi dengan Gas-Kromatografi Mass- Spektrometri. Analisis rutin ALRP dengan Gas-Kromatografi menunjukkan bahwa kandungan ALRP tertinggi ditemukan pada membran nuselus. Konsentrasi ALRP pada kulit biji rendah dan setingkat dengan kandungan ALRP pada embrio. Asam heksanoat merupakan ALRP terbanyak pada semua bagian biji padahal asam ini dianggap inhibitor yang lemah. Kandungan asam nonanoat dan dekanoat jauh lebih kecil dan biasanya kurang dari 10-4 M Gambaran umum perubahan ALRP selama stratifikasi adalah menurun atau konstan dan kandungannya kurang dari 10 -3 M, terlalu kecil untuk menjadi inhibitor yang signifikan dalam mekanisme dormansi. Penurunan ALRP terjadi pada suhu 5 °C dan 2 °C, padahal hanya perlakuan 5 °C yang dapat  memecahkan dormansi biji apel. Dari studi ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perubahan kandungan ALRP selama stratifikasi tidak mendukung hipotesis bahwa ALRP berperan dalam dormansi biji apel