Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Métodos avançados de ressonância magnética de crânio na diferenciação entre radionecrose e recidiva tumoral

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Muitos estudos reportaram o benefício dos métodos avançados de ressonância magnética (RM) para a avaliação da resposta ao tratamento do tumor cerebral, a fim de distinguir entre recidiva tumoral e radionecrose. No entanto, o tamanho da amostra em cada estudo é relativamente pequeno, o que torna difícil avaliar a validade externa. Nós realizamos uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de dados publicados afim de avaliar a acurácia dos métodos avançados de RM para diferenciação entre a recidiva e a radionecrose. Nosso objetivo foi determinar o valor diagnóstico da difusão (DWI), da perfusão Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (PWI DSC), perfusão Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (PWI DCE) e espectroscopia (MRS). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: A revisão sistemática incluiu todos os estudos que usaram métodos avançados de RM para detectar recidiva ou radionecrose em pacientes em segmento por tratamento radioterápico para tumor cerebral. A pequisa foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Embase, das publicações até 31 de Julho de 2015. As sensibilidades e especificidades de cada estudo foram calculadas e a acurácia diagnóstica foi metanalisada, com um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%, em um modelo de efeito randômico. Foram realizados testes de heterogeneidade, sobre o efeito dos pontos de corte e modelos de metarregressão. Análises de subgrupos foram feitas com base em conjuntos de estudos com características homogêneas. RESULTADOS: 49 artigos foram incluídos na análise quantitativa, englobando um total de 1.508 pacientes. Cinco estudos avaliaram DWI, 32 avaliaram PWI e 21 avaliaram MRS. A sensibilidade (SEN) e especificidade (ESP) geral da DWI foi 81,0% (IC 95%: 71,0 a 89,0%) e 68,0% (IC 95%: 52,0 a 82,0%), respectivamente. A SEN e ESP da PWI DSC foi de 83,0% (IC 95%: 80,0 a 86,0%) e 81,0% (IC 95%: 76,0 a 85,0%) e da PWI DCE foi 76,0% (IC 95%: 66,0 a 85,0%) e 85,0% (IC 95%: 74,0 a 93,0%), respectivamente. A SEN e ESP da MRS foi de 76,0% (IC 95%: 71,0 a 80,0%) e 83,0% (IC 95%: 77,0 a 88,0%), respectivamente. O odds ratio diagnóstico (DOR) da DWI, PWI DSC, PWI DCE e MRS foi 14,83; 25,81; 14,45 e 27,39; respectivamente. O maior valor do DOR nos estudos com PWI DSC foi quando o ponto de corte do Volume Sanguíneo Cerebral relativo (rCBV) foi maior ou igual a 1,8 e o maior valor do DOR nos estudos com MRS foi quando o ponto de corte da relação Cho/Cr foi maior ou igual a 1,3. O valor do DOR nos estudos com MRS foi muito maior nos trabalhos realizados com equipamento de 3T (DOR = 40,07; IC 95%: 15,44 a 104,03) quando comparado aos trabalhos realizados em equipamento com 1,5T (18,69; IC95%: 8,32 a 42,02). CONCLUSÃO: Esta metanálise demonstrou que os métodos avançados de RM tem uma moderada e alta acurácia na diferenciação da recidiva tumoral da radionecrose usando os métodos de DWI, PWI DSC, PWI DCE e MRS. Algumas análises de subgrupos e testes de efeito do ponto de corte mostraram que alguns cenários têm uma tendência de melhor acurácia.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several studies reported the benefit of magnetic resonance (MR) advanced methods for the treatment response of brain tumor assessment, for distinguishing tumor recurrence from radionecrosis in gliomas and other brain tumors. However, the sample size in each study is relatively small, which becomes difficult to draw conclusions about external validity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data to evaluate the accuracy of the advanced MR methods for differentiating recurrence from radionecrosis. Our objective was to determine the diagnostic value of Diffusion (DWI), Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion (PWI DSC), Dynamic Contrast Enhancement Perfusion (PWI DCE) and Spectroscopy (MRS), and compare the results between the methods MATERIALS AND METHODS: The systematic review included all studies that used MR advanced methods to detect recurrence or radionecrosis in patients followed by brain tumor radiotherapy. The databases selected were MEDLINE and Embase, for published data prior to July 31, 2015. The sensitivities and specificities of individual studies were calculated and the pooled diagnostic accuracies, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were assessed under a random-effects model. It was also performed heterogeneity test, threshold effect test and meta-regression models for each MR method. A subgroup analysis was performed based on homogeneous subsets of the studies. RESULTS: 49 articles were included in the quantitative analysis, compromising 1,508 patients (919 with recurrence and 589 with radionecrosis). Five studies assessed DWI, 32 assessed PWI, and 21 assessed MRS. Overall sensitivity (SEN) and specificity (SPE) of DWI were 81.0% (95% CI: 71.0 to 89.0%) and 68.0% (95% CI: 52.0 to 82.0%), respectively. The SEN and SPE of PWI DSC were 83.0% (95% CI: 80.0 to 86.0%) and 81.0% (95% CI: 76.0 to 85.0%) and PWI DCE were 76.0% (95% CI: 66.0 to 85.0%) and 85.0% (95% CI: 74.0 to 93.0%), respectively. The SEN and SPE of MRS were 76.0% (95% CI: 71.0 to 80.0%) and 83.0% (95% CI: 77.0 to 88.0%), respectively. The overall diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of DWI, PWI DSC, PWI DCE, and MRS were 14.83, 25.81, 14.45, and 27.39, respectively. The point with the highest DOR in the PWI DSC studies was when the relative Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) threshold was equal or higher than 1.8, and the point with the highest DOR in the MRS studies was when the Cho/Cr threshold was equal or higher than 1.3. The MRS DOR value is much higher in the 3T subgroup (40.07, 95% IC: 15.44 to 104.03), compared to the 1.5T subgroup (18.69, 95% CI: 8.32 to 42.02). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that MR advanced methods have moderate to high accuracy in differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis using DWI, PWI DSC, PWI DCE and MRS. Some subgroup analysis and threshold effect tests demonstrated subsets that have a better accuracy trend