2 research outputs found
Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study
Summary
Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally.
Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies
have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of
the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income
countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality.
Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to
hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis,
exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a
minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical
status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary
intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause,
in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status.
We did a complete case analysis.
Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital
diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal
malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome
countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male.
Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3).
Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income
countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups).
Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome
countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries;
p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients
combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11],
p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20
[1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention
(ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety
checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed
(ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of
parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65
[0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality.
Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome,
middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will
be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger
than 5 years by 2030
La orientaciĂłn familiar en el marco de la gestiĂłn pedagĂłgica, propuesta de un programa de orientaciĂłn centrado en el autoestima
Tesis (MagĂster en GestiĂłn PedagĂłgica y Curricular con menciĂłn en EducaciĂłn Matemática)En la presente investigaciĂłn se pretende dar respuestas concretas para llevar a cabo
acciones exitosas mediante un análisis 'y sĂntesis de literatura especializada, para
diseñar una Propuesta enfocada en un Taller de Orientación para Padres y/o
Apoderados en el ámbito Pedagógico y Curricular centrada en la Autoestima,
realizándose dicha intervención en la Escuela N° F273 Reina de Suecia, Maipú.
Para ello, la Gestión Escolar a través del Departamento de Orientación pretende
identificar 'y colaborar en el desarrollo de capacidades personales, fĂsicas,
emocionales, intelectuales, la cual persigue principalmente fortalecer una de las
carencias que se ha visualizado en los alumnos/as de la Escuela, como lo es, la
Autoestima, que conlleva a problemas sociales, familiares y académicos. Por
consiguiente, se confeccionĂł y aplicĂł una Encuesta a Padres y/o Apoderados, la que
arrolĂł como resultado la necesidad e insuficiencia que tienen Ă©stos con respecto a
temas pertinentes a la OrientaciĂłn Familiar, se obtuvo respuestas claras de las
Familias y de lo importante que es para la Escuela enseñarla y no sólo culparla.
Se espera que el trabajo desarrollado a través de una Propuesta Factible, sirva como
instrumento para fortalecer el trabajo de Padres y/o Apoderados en el desarrollo de
la Autoestima de sus hijos/as, para que estos sean capaces de conocer sus
capacidades y limitaciones y encuentren un camino de vida, utilizando las
oportunidades que el medio le ofrece, lo que le permitirá el desarrollo de sus
potencialidades para su realizaciĂłn como ser humano 'y para beneficio de la sociedad
en que vive