What is the place of linezolid in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia and complicated skin and soft tissue infections in Europe?

International audienc

Androsterone glucuronide to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate ratio is discriminatory for obese Caucasian women with polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND: Androsterone glucuronide (ADTG) concentrations have been suggested as a marker of the effects of androgens at the target tissue level. As the mechanism for hyperandrogenemia in obese and nonobese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may differ, this study compared the different androgen parameters in non-obese compared to obese women with PCOS, and in normal subjects. METHODS: Eleven non-obese and 14 obese women with PCOS were recruited and compared to 11 control women without PCOS. Total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), ADTG, and androstenedione were analysed using gold standard tandem mass spectrometry, and the free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. RESULTS: Total testosterone, ADTG and androstendione levels did not differ between non-obese (body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2) and obese PCOS (BMI >25 kg/m2) but all were significantly higher than for controls (p < 0.01). The ADTG to DHEAS ratio was significantly elevated 39 ± 6 (p < 0.01) in obese PCOS in comparison to non-obese PCOS and controls (28 ± 5 and 29 ± 4, respectively). The free androgen index (FAI) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in obese PCOS compared to non-obese PCOS and controls (p < 0.01). DHEAS was significantly higher in the non-obese versus obese PCOS (p < 0.01). All androgen parameters were significantly lower and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) significantly higher in normal subjects compared to those with obese and non-obese PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: The ADTG:DHEAS ratio was significantly elevated in obese PCOS compared to non-obese PCOS and controls suggesting that this may be a novel biomarker discriminatory for obese PCOS subjects, perhaps being driven by higher hepatic 5α reductase activity increasing ADTG formation in these women

Memorándum de Montevideo

288 p.; 14 x 21.5 cm.Libro ElectrónicoEste documento, toma como base el memorándum de Montevideo, documento que reunió a representantes de la industria, medios de comunicación, legisladores, jueces, padres de familia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y autoridades en educación con el objeto de fomentar el diálogo, conocer el estado que guarda la cuestión en nuestro país, definir las estrategias y alentar la adopción de políticas públicas encaminadas a la protección de los menores en Internet.El documento contiene una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a organismos gubernamentales, a legisladores, a jueces, a la sociedad y a la industria de las redes sociales, para que, en el ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, se comprometan a trabajar a favor de la protección de los menores y de sus datos.El “Memorándum sobre la protección de datos personales y la vida privada en las redes sociales en Internet, en particular de niños, niñas y adolescentes” referido también como Memorándum de Montevideo, contiene una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a organismos gubernamentales, a legisladores, a jueces, pero también a la sociedad y a la industria de las redes sociales para que en el ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, se comprometan a trabajar a favor de la protección de los menores y de sus datos. El Instituto Federal de Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos (IFAI) en su carácter de autoridad garante de la protección de datos personales en la Administración Pública Federal mexicana como en el ámbito privado, ha querido sumarse al esfuerzo del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC), para extender los aspectos positivos de la información y el conocimiento, incluyendo desde luego, al Internet y a las redes sociales, a la vez que para prevenir aquellas prácticas perjudiciales o impactos negativos que conllevan y que suelen ser difíciles de revertir una vez que han hecho daño. Conscientes de que la sociabilización en la región de este documento, implica comprender que el Internet no tiene fronteras y, en este sentido que se requiere de un esfuerzo conjunto sin límites, el 3 de diciembre de 2009 se presentó el Memorándum de Montevideo en la Ciudad de México, congregando a los representantes de la industria, medios de comunicación, legisladores, jueces, padres ade familia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y autoridades en educación con el objeto de fomentar el diálogo, conocer el estado que guarda la cuestión en nuestra región, definir las estrategias y alentar a la adopción de políticas públicas encaminadas a la protección de los menores en Internet. tecedentes y la evolución del a partir de la visión de libertades y derechos. Asimismo, aporta un análisis desde la perspectiva de género y su carácter transversal en la vida real y en consecuencia en el entorno digital, al tiempo que brinda herramientas para la protección del menor desde el anonimato con un balance entre el derecho a la libertad de expresión y la protección de la privacidad. El texto aquí presentado aborda desde la teoría y la práctica la protección en el entorno digital y muestra casos exitosos en la región.Presentación. El Memorándum de Montevideo: un marco de referencia para la protección de los datos personales de los jóvenes en Internet en la región Iberoamericana /Chantal Bernier Prólogo. Protección de las niñas, niños y adolescentes en el ámbito digital: responsabilidad democrática de las instituciones de gobierno y de las agencias de protección de datos / Jacqueline Peschard El enfoque de derechos en el “Memorándum de Montevideo” / Farith Simon Campaña Impacto y evolución de las redes sociales digitales:libertades y derechos / Carlos G. Gregorio El derecho de las niñas, niños y adolescente a la protección de sus datos personales: evolución de derechos y su exigencia frente a las redes sociales / Lina Ornelas Presentación. El Memorándum de Montevideo: un marco de referencia para la protección de los datos personales de los jóvenes en Internet en la región Iberoamericana / Chantal Bernier Género e Internet / Florencia Barindelli a protección de las niñas, niños y adolescentes y el principio de anonimato aplicado a la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento. Una reflexión sobre la no-identificación funcional en el nuevo entorno tecnológico / Gabriela Mendoza Correa Redes sociales y vida privada: una ecuación posible / Rosario Duaso Calés Protección de la privacidad y datos personales de niños, niñas y adolescentes en la web: una responsabilidad compartida. La experiencia educativa en Cundinamarca, Colombia / Walter Esquivel Gutiérrez y Zareth Díaz García Programas de prevención y educación para el uso de las redes sociales: la experiencia de Brasil / Rodrigo Nejm Apéndice Documental Memorándum de Montevideo. Memorándum sobre la protección de datos personales y la vida privada en las redes sociales en Internet, en particular de niños, niñas y adolescente

Magnetization reorientation due to the superconducting transition in heavy-metal heterostructures

Recent theoretical and experimental work has demonstrated how the superconducting critical temperature ($T_c$) can be modified by rotating the magnetization of a single homogeneous ferromagnet proximity-coupled to the superconducting layer. This occurs when the superconductor and ferromagnet are separated by a thin heavy normal metal that provides an enhanced interfacial Rashba spin-orbit interaction. We consider the reciprocal effect: magnetization reorientation driven by the superconducting phase transition. We solve the tight-binding Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations on a lattice self-consistently and find that the relative angle between the spin-orbit field and the magnetization gives rise to a contribution in the free energy even in the normal state due to band-structure effects. For temperatures below $T_c$, superconductivity gives rise to a competing contribution. By lowering the temperature, in addition to reorientation of the favored magnetization direction from in-plane to out-of-plane, a $\pi/4$ in-plane rotation for thicker ferromagnetic layers is possible. Furthermore, computation of $T_c$ of the structure in the ballistic limit shows a dependence on the in-plane orientation of the magnetization, in contrast to our previous result on the diffusive limit. This finding is relevant with respect to thin-film heterostructures since these are likely to be in the ballistic regime of transport. Finally, we discuss the experimental feasibility of observing the magnetic anisotropy induced by the superconducting transition when other magnetic anisotropies, such as the shape anisotropy for a ferromagnetic film, are taken into account. Our work suggests that the superconducting condensation energy in principle can trigger a reorientation of the magnetization of a thin-film ferromagnet upon lowering the temperature below $T_c$, in particular for ferromagnets with weak magnetic anisotropies.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

Controlling the Superconducting Transition by Rotation of an Inversion Symmetry-Breaking Axis

We consider a hybrid structure where a material with Rashba-like spin-orbit coupling is proximity coupled to a conventional superconductor. We find that the superconducting critical temperature $T_c$ can be tuned by rotating the vector $\boldsymbol{n}$ characterizing the axis of broken inversion symmetry. This is explained by a leakage of $s$-wave singlet Cooper pairs out of the superconducting region, and by conversion of $s$-wave singlets into other types of correlations, among these $s$-wave odd-frequency pairs robust to impurity scattering. These results demonstrate a conceptually different way of tuning $T_c$ compared to the previously studied variation of $T_c$ in magnetic hybrids.Comment: 4 pages, (11 pages including Supplemental Material), 3 figure

Anion Distribution, Structural Distortion, and Symmetry-Driven Optical Band Gap Bowing in Mixed Halide Cs2SnX6 Vacancy Ordered Double Perovskites.

Mixed anion compounds in the Fm3̅m vacancy ordered perovskite structure were synthesized and characterized experimentally and computationally with a focus on compounds where A = Cs+. Pure anion Cs2SnX6 compounds were formed with X = Cl, Br, and I using a room temperature solution phase method. Mixed anion compounds were formed as solid solutions of Cs2SnCl6 and Cs2SnBr6 and a second series from Cs2SnBr6 and Cs2SnI6. Single phase structures formed across the entirety of both composition series with no evidence of long-range anion ordering observed by diffraction. A distortion of the cubic A2BX6 structure was identified in which the spacing of the BX6 octahedra changes to accommodate the A site cation without reduction of overall symmetry. Optical band gap values varied with anion composition between 4.89 eV in Cs2SnCl6 to 1.35 eV in Cs2SnI6 but proved highly nonlinear with changes in composition. In mixed halide compounds, it was found that lower energy optical transitions appeared that were not present in the pure halide compounds, and this was attributed to lowering of the local symmetry within the tin halide octahedra. The electronic structure was characterized by photoemission spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy revealed vibrational modes in the mixed halide compounds that could be assigned to particular mixed halide octahedra. This analysis was used to determine the distribution of octahedra types in mixed anion compounds, which was found to be consistent with a near-random distribution of halide anions throughout the structure, although some deviations from random halide distribution were noted in mixed iodide-bromide compounds, where the larger iodide anions preferentially adopted trans configurations

Making sense of Wnt signaling—linking hair cell regeneration to development

Wnt signaling is a highly conserved pathway crucial for development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Secreted Wnt ligands bind Frizzled receptors to regulate diverse processes such as axis patterning, cell division, and cell fate specification. They also serve to govern self-renewal of somatic stem cells in several adult tissues. The complexity of the pathway can be attributed to the myriad of Wnt and Frizzled combinations as well as its diverse context-dependent functions. In the developing mouse inner ear, Wnt signaling plays diverse roles, including specification of the otic placode and patterning of the otic vesicle. At later stages, its activity governs sensory hair cell specification, cell cycle regulation, and hair cell orientation. In regenerating sensory organs from non-mammalian species, Wnt signaling can also regulate the extent of proliferative hair cell regeneration. This review describes the current knowledge of the roles of Wnt signaling and Wnt-responsive cells in hair cell development and regeneration. We also discuss possible future directions and the potential application and limitation of Wnt signaling in augmenting hair cell regeneration