Cost-effective solution to synchronised audio-visual data capture using multiple sensors

Applications such as surveillance and human behaviour analysis require high- bandwidth recording from multiple cameras, as well as from other sensors. In turn, sensor fusion has increased the required accuracy of synchronisation be- tween sensors. Using commercial off-the-shelf components may compromise quality and accuracy, because it is difficult to handle the combined data rate from multiple sensors, the offset and rate discrepancies between independent hardware clocks, the absence of trigger inputs or -outputs in the hardware, as well as the different methods for timestamping the recorded data. To achieve accurate synchronisation, we centralise the synchronisation task by recording all trigger- or timestamp signals with a multi-channel audio interface. For sensors that don’t have an external trigger signal, we let the computer that captures the sensor data periodically generate timestamp signals from its se- rial port output. These signals can also be used as a common time base to synchronise multiple asynchronous audio interfaces. Furthermore, we show that a consumer PC can currently capture 8-bit video data with 1024x1024 spatial- and 59.1Hz temporal resolution, from at least 14 cameras, together with 8 channels of 24-bit audio at 96kHz. We thus improve the quality/cost ratio of multi-sensor systems data capture systems

Hepatic progenitor cells from adult human livers for cell transplantation.

Objective: Liver regeneration is mainly based on cellular self-renewal including progenitor cells. Efforts have been made to harness this potential for cell transplantation, but shortage of hepatocytes and premature differentiated progenitor cells from extra-hepatic organs are limiting factors. Histological studies implied that resident cells in adult liver can proliferate, have bipotential character and may be a suitable source for cell transplantation. Methods: Particular cell populations were isolated after adequate tissue dissociation. Single cell suspensions were purified by Thy-1 positivity selection, characterised in vitro and transplanted in immunodeficient Pfp/Rag2 mice. Results: Thy-1+ cells that are mainly found in the portal tract and the surrounding parenchyma, were isolated from surgical liver tissue with high yields from specimens with histological signs of regeneration. Thy-1+ cell populations were positive for progenitor (CD34, c-kit, CK14, M2PK, OV6), biliary (CK19) and hepatic (HepPar1) markers revealing their progenitor as well as hepatic and biliary nature. The potential of Thy-1+ cells for differentiation in vitro was demonstrated by increased mRNA and protein expression for hepatic (CK18, HepPar1) and biliary (CK7) markers during culture while progenitor markers CK14, chromogranin A and nestin were reduced. After transplantation of Thy-1+ cells into livers of immunodeficient mice, engraftment was predominantly seen in the periportal portion of the liver lobule. Analysis of in situ material revealed that transplanted cells express human hepatic markers HepPar1 and albumin, indicating functional engraftment. Conclusion: Bipotential progenitor cells from human adult livers can be isolated using Thy-1 and might be a potential candidate for cell treatment in liver diseases

Cross-Omics Comparison of Stress Responses in Mesothelial Cells Exposed to Heat- versus Filter-Sterilized Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids

Recent research suggests that cytoprotective responses, such as expression of heat-shock proteins, might be inadequately induced in mesothelial cells by heat-sterilized peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids. This study compares transcriptome data and multiple protein expression profiles for providing new insight into regulatory mechanisms. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) based proteomics and topic defined gene expression microarray-based transcriptomics techniques were used to evaluate stress responses in human omental peritoneal mesothelial cells in response to heat- or filter-sterilized PD fluids. Data from selected heat-shock proteins were validated by 2D western-blot analysis. Comparison of proteomics and transcriptomics data discriminated differentially regulated protein abundance into groups depending on correlating or noncorrelating transcripts. Inadequate abundance of several heat-shock proteins following exposure to heat-sterilized PD fluids is not reflected on the mRNA level indicating interference beyond transcriptional regulation. For the first time, this study describes evidence for posttranscriptional inadequacy of heat-shock protein expression by heat- sterilized PD fluids as a novel cytotoxic property. Cross-omics technologies introduce a novel way of understanding PDF bioincompatibility and searching for new interventions to reestablish adequate cytoprotective responses

Gram-negative and -positive bacteria differentiation in blood culture samples by headspace volatile compound analysis

BACKGROUND: Identification of microorganisms in positive blood cultures still relies on standard techniques such as Gram staining followed by culturing with definite microorganism identification. Alternatively, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or the analysis of headspace volatile compound (VC) composition produced by cultures can help to differentiate between microorganisms under experimental conditions. This study assessed the efficacy of volatile compound based microorganism differentiation into Gram-negatives and -positives in unselected positive blood culture samples from patients. METHODS: Headspace gas samples of positive blood culture samples were transferred to sterilized, sealed, and evacuated 20 ml glass vials and stored at −30 °C until batch analysis. Headspace gas VC content analysis was carried out via an auto sampler connected to an ion–molecule reaction mass spectrometer (IMR-MS). Measurements covered a mass range from 16 to 135 u including CO(2), H(2), N(2), and O(2). Prediction rules for microorganism identification based on VC composition were derived using a training data set and evaluated using a validation data set within a random split validation procedure. RESULTS: One-hundred-fifty-two aerobic samples growing 27 Gram-negatives, 106 Gram-positives, and 19 fungi and 130 anaerobic samples growing 37 Gram-negatives, 91 Gram-positives, and two fungi were analysed. In anaerobic samples, ten discriminators were identified by the random forest method allowing for bacteria differentiation into Gram-negative and -positive (error rate: 16.7 % in validation data set). For aerobic samples the error rate was not better than random. CONCLUSIONS: In anaerobic blood culture samples of patients IMR-MS based headspace VC composition analysis facilitates bacteria differentiation into Gram-negative and -positive. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40709-016-0040-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Somatostatin receptor 2A expression in choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE: The growth of ocular neovascularization is regulated by a balance between stimulating and inhibiting growth factors. Somatostatin affects angiogenesis by inhibiting the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and also has a direct antiproliferative effect on human retinal endothelial cells. The purpose of our study is to investigate the expression of somatostatin receptor (sst) subtypes and particularly sst subtype 2A (sst2A) in normal human macula, and to study sst2A in different stages of age-related maculopathy (ARM), because of the potential anti-angiogenic effect of somatostatin analogues. METHODS: Sixteen eyes (10 enucleated eyes, 4 donor eyes, and 2 surgically removed choroidal neovascular [CNV] membranes) of 15 patients with eyes at different stages of ARM were used for immunohistochemistry. Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded slides were incubated with a polyclonal anti-human sst2A antibody. mRNA expression of five ssts and somatostatin was determined in the posterior pole of three normal human eyes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The immunohistochemical expression of sstA in newly formed endothelial cells and fibroblast-like cells was strong in fibrovascular CNV membranes. mRNA of sst subtypes 1, 2A, and 3, as well as somatostatin, was present in the normal posterior pole; sst subtypes 4 and 5 were not detectable. CONCLUSIONS: Most early-formed CNV in ARM express sst2A. The presence of mRNA of sst subtype 2A was observed in normal human macula, and subtypes 1 and 3 and somatostatin are also present. sst2A receptors bind potential anti-angiogenic somatostatin analogues such as octreotide. Therefore, somatostatin analogues may be an effective therapy in early stages of CNV in ARM

Somatostatin receptor 2A expression in choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration

PURPOSE: The growth of ocular neovascularization is regulated by a balance between stimulating and inhibiting growth factors. Somatostatin affects angiogenesis by inhibiting the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and also has a direct antiproliferative effect on human retinal endothelial cells. The purpose of our study is to investigate the expression of somatostatin receptor (sst) subtypes and particularly sst subtype 2A (sst2A) in normal human macula, and to study sst2A in different stages of age-related maculopathy (ARM), because of the potential anti-angiogenic effect of somatostatin analogues. METHODS: Sixteen eyes (10 enucleated eyes, 4 donor eyes, and 2 surgically removed choroidal neovascular [CNV] membranes) of 15 patients with eyes at different stages of ARM were used for immunohistochemistry. Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded slides were incubated with a polyclonal anti-human sst2A antibody. mRNA expression of five ssts and somatostatin was determined in the posterior pole of three normal human eyes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The immunohistochemical expression of sstA in newly formed endothelial cells and fibroblast-like cells was strong in fibrovascular CNV membranes. mRNA of sst subtypes 1, 2A, and 3, as well as somatostatin, was present in the normal posterior pole; sst subtypes 4 and 5 were not detectable. CONCLUSIONS: Most early-formed CNV in ARM express sst2A. The presence of mRNA of sst subtype 2A was observed in normal human macula, and subtypes 1 and 3 and somatostatin are also present. sst2A receptors bind potential anti-angiogenic somatostatin analogues such as octreotide. Therefore, somatostatin analogues may be an effective therapy in early stages of CNV in ARM

17-β-Estradiol-dependent regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype expression in the 7315b prolactin secreting rat pituitary tumor in vitro and in vivo

In the present study, we have investigated the role of estrogens in the regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype (sst) expression in 7315b PRL- secreting rat pituitary tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. sst were undetectable in freshly dispersed cells of the transplantable 7315b tumor. When 7315b cells were cultured in medium containing 10% FCS, the number of high affinity sst increased with prolonged culture time. However, when the medium was supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) instead of FCS, no sst were detectable on 7315b cells even after three weeks of culturing. In contrast to HS, FCS contains high E2-levels (HS, 8 pM; FCS, 134 pM). The antiestrogen tamoxifen (0.5 μM) significantly inhibited the sst number to 50.5% of the value of untreated FCS-grown cells, suggesting that E2 stimulates sst expression in 7315b rat pituitary tumor cells. E2 (l0 nM) induced a rapid increase in sst number in HS-grown 7315b cells. Octreotide (1μM) significantly inhibited PRL release and the intracellular PRL concentration of 7315b cells that were cultured in medium supplemented with FCS or with HS + l0 nM E2 but not in HS alone. This indicates that the sst present on these cells are biologically active. RT-PCR analysis revealed that none of the five currently known sst subtypes were present in freshly dispersed 7315b pituitary tumor cells. The expression of sst2- and sst3- messenger RNA (mRNA) was unequivocally correlated to the presence of E2 because these sst subtypes were detected only in cells that were cultured for7 and 14 days in medium supplemented with FCS or with HS + 10 nM E2. sst1, sst4 and sst5 messenger RNA could not be detected. The 7315b tumor itself synthesizes and secretes huge amounts of PRL. The high PRL levels in tumor-bearing rats inhibit the ovarian E2-production. No detectable E2 levels could be measured in the serum of 7315b tumor-bearing rats. The sc administration of 20 μg/day E2-benzoate normalized the circulating E2 levels in 7315b tumor- bearing rats. Moreover, E2-treatment indeed induced sst expression in vivo as shown by ligand binding studies using membrane homogenates and [125I- Tyr3]-octreotide as radioligand and by autoradiography on tissue sections. In agreement with the in vitro studies, the expression of the sst2 subtype was established by RT-PCR analysis in 7315b tumors of E2-treated rats. However, in contrast to the in vitro studies. E2-treatment did not effectuate the expression of the sst3 subtype, suggesting that the in vitro stimulus of E2 is stronger. In conclusion: 1) sst2 and sst3 expression in the 7315b rat prolactinoma model is primarily dependent upon the presence of estrogens; 2) the antihormonal action of octreotide in 7315b tumor cells in vitro is mediated via the sst2 and/or sst3 subtypes; 3) the absence of sst expression in vivo can be explained by the hormonal environment of the 7315b tumor cells. The 7315b tumor cells in vivo may down-regulate their own receptor status via their host, because of the ensuing hyperprolactinemia results in a hypo-estrogenic state.</p

Dynamic Changes of Heart Failure Biomarkers in Response to Parabolic Flight

Background: we aimed at investigating the influence of weightlessness and hypergravity by means of parabolic flight on the levels of the heart failure biomarkers H-FABP, sST2, IL-33, GDF-15, suPAR and Fetuin-A. Methods: 14 healthy volunteers (males: eight; mean age: 28.9) undergoing 31 short-term phases of weightlessness and hypergravity were included. At different time points (baseline, 1 h/24 h after parabolic flight), venous blood was drawn and analyzed by the use of ELISA. Results: sST2 evidenced a significant decrease 24 h after parabolic flight (baseline vs. 24, p = 0.009; 1 h vs. 24 h, p = 0.004). A similar finding was observed for GDF-15 (baseline vs. 24 h, p = 0.002; 1 h vs. 24 h, p = 0.025). The suPAR showed a significant decrease 24 h after parabolic flight (baseline vs. 24 h, p = 0.1726; 1 h vs. 24 h, p = 0.009). Fetuin-A showed a significant increase at 1 h and 24 h after parabolic flight (baseline vs. 24 h, p = 0.007; 1 h vs. 24 h, p = 0.04). H-FABP and IL-33 showed no significant differences at all time points. Conclusion: Our results suggest a reduction in cardiac stress induced by exposure to gravitational changes. Moreover, our findings indicate an influence of gravitational changes on proliferative processes and calcium homeostasis