Zika virus infection leads to mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human iPSC-derived astrocytes

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been extensively studied since it was linked to congenital malformations, and recent research has revealed that astrocytes are targets of ZIKV. However, the consequences of ZIKV infection, especially to this cell type, remain largely unknown, particularly considering integrative studies aiming to understand the crosstalk among key cellular mechanisms and fates involved in the neurotoxicity of the virus. Here, the consequences of ZIKV infection in iPSC-derived astrocytes are presented. Our results show ROS imbalance, mitochondrial defects and DNA breakage, which have been previously linked to neurological disorders. We have also detected glial reactivity, also present in mice and in post-mortem brains from infected neonates from the Northeast of Brazil. Given the role of glia in the developing brain, these findings may help to explain the observed effects in congenital Zika syndrome related to neuronal loss and motor deficit

Células tronco tumorais e o sistema purinérgico

Gliomas são os tumores mais comuns no SNC, apresentando altas taxas de invasibilidade e proliferação, resistência à quimio e radioterapias, e elevados índices de recorrência e morte. As células-tronco tumorais constituem uma minoria dentre as células do tumor, apresentam características de células tronco neurais podendo sofrer diferenciação e auto-renovação. Linhagens celulares de gliomas, como U87, são capazes de produzir tumoresferas quando em alta confluência, que são similares às neuroesferas produzidas por células tronco neurais, e são ricas em células tronco tumorais (CSCs). Em gliomas, CSCs podem ser identificadas por expressarem o marcador de superfície CD133. Receptores purinérgicos estão envolvidos em diversos processos biológicos. O ATP induz respostas celulares como proliferação e diferenciação, e a degradação deste nucleotídeo por células de glioma é lenta, o que resulta no seu acúmulo no espaço extracelular. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a população de CSCs em U87 bem como o efeito do ATP na formação de esferas, expressão do marcador CD133, a expressão de genes de receptores purinérgicos e de genes marcadores de células diferenciadas (GLAST e CAMKII) e de células indiferenciadas (CD133 e OCT-4). U87 foram mantidas em condições padrão com 5% de SFB e esferas foram obtidas através de crescimento sobre ágar 1%. RNA total foi extraído de esferas e monocamada, e os genes de interesse foram amplificados em reação de RT-PCR com primers específicos. Esferas apresentam uma maior expressão de CD133, visto por citometria e imunodetecção. O mRNA de OCT-4 também foi mais expresso em esferas do que em monocamada, que expressa mais CAMKII e GLAST. ATP em uma concentração final de 100 µM reduz significativamente o número de esferas formadas (P<0.05) durante um período de 7 dias e também reduz a expressão de CD133. Dentre os receptores purinérgicos, a expressão de P2X4 foi maior em esferas, e P2X6 em monocamada. Estes resultados indicam que as esferas possuem componentes de células tronco e que a sinalização purinérgica pode estar envolvida em importantes aspectos da biologia de CSCs.Glioblastoma multiformes are the most aggressive tumors in the CNS and are characterized by high invasion and proliferation rates, as well as for being resistant to chemo and radiotherapies. This leads to one of the worst prognosis among cancers. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are scarce among the tumor cells, but can undergo differentiation and self-renewal, being fundamental for tumor maintenance. Tumorspheres, which resemble neurospheres, can grow in glioma cell cultures and are rich in CSC. Additionally, CSCs seem to be more resistant to radiotherapy and strategies aimed at differentiating these stem cells have potential to produce less aggressive and more efficient treatment regimes. CSCs have been identified in different tumor types as well as in established cell lines such as the human glioma cell line U87, and are characterized by the presence of the CD133 glycoprotein. Purinergic receptors are stimulated by nucleotides and nucleosides, and are involved in many biological processes, including embryonic development. ATP induces several cellular responses, such as proliferation and differentiation, and it has been demonstrated that the degradation of this nucleotide is slow in glioma cells, which results in its accumulation in the extracellular space. The aim of this work was to characterize the CSC population in U87 and the effect of ATP in sphere formation. Spheres were obtained by plating cells on a thin layer of agar. Tumorspheres presented a higher amount of CD133 marker as analyzed by flow citometry and western blotting. mRNA expression of OCT-4, a marker of undifferentiated cells, was higher in spheres, while GLAST and CAMKII, markers of differentiated glial and neuronal cells respectively, presented higher expression in the monolayer cells. Cells plated in the presence of ATP 100 µM formed 54% less spheres (P<0.05) when compared to control and also had a reduced level of CD133 marker. Among the purinergic receptors, P2X4 expression was higher in spheres, whereas P2X6 expression was higher in the monolayer. Our results indicate that spheres have components of stem cells and that the purinergic signaling is involved in important aspects of CSC biology

Boletín del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Epoca 2.ª Número 612 - 1953 Septiembre 03

Glioblastomas Multiformes (GBM) são tumores do Sistema Nervoso Central com altas taxas de invasibilidade e grande resistência a quimio e radioterapias, cuja origem foi inicialmente atribuída a células tronco neurais (NSCs). Mais recentemente, trabalhos de rastreamento de linhagem celular (lineage tracing) revelaram que a célula de origem em GBM, ao menos para certos subtipos, é na verdade a célula precursora de oligodendrócitos (OPC). A identificação da origem do tumor pode auxiliar na compreensão da doença e no desenvolvimento de terapias mais eficazes. OPCs são células com grande capacidade migratória e constituem a população de células cerebrais mais proliferativamente ativa, características compatíveis com a biologia de glioblastomas. Neste trabalho criamos uma meta-assinatura de OPCs que, quando aplicada a amostras populacionais e de céulas únicas de GBMs humanos, indica a presença de características de OPCs em virtualmente todos os tumores, principalmente dentre os do subtipo Proneural. Apesar disso, o cultivo de GBMs in vitro tem sido tradicionalmente realizado em meio próprio de NSCs, como forma de preservar as características originais do tumor. Entretanto, no caso de OPC ser a verdadeira célula de origem, o ideal seria a utilização de meio próprio para esta célula. Utilizamos meio padrão para NSCs e meio para OPCs em linhagens de camundongo bem como em biópsias humanas. Meio de NSCs provoca alterações morfológicas e em marcadores, enquanto meio de OPCs mantém as células mais similares ao tumor que lhes deu origem. Principalmente, meio de NSCs reduz o potencial tumorigênico das células in vivo, e faz com que alvos errôneos sejam identificados na resposta a drogas, devido à expressão de marcadores nãoautênticos pra célula de origem. A análise de gliomas humanos indica que a população proliferativamente ativa expressa marcadores de OPCs, independentemente do subtipo em que o tumor foi classificado. Assim, concluímos que o papel de OPCs no desenvolvimento de GBMs é mais importante do que se imaginava, e que a utilização de meio de cultivo baseado na célula de origem é fundamental para a correta identificação de alvos terapêuticos.Glioblastoma Multiformes (GBM) are Central Nervous System tumors that present high invasibility rates and great resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies, whose origin was initially accredited to Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). More recently, papers employing lineage tracing revealed that the cell of origin in GBM, at least for certain subtypes, is in fact an Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell (OPC). The elucidation about the origin of a tumor can help in the disease comprehension and in the development of more efficient therapies. OPCs are naturally migratory cells and constitute the most actively proliferating cell population in the brain, characteristics that are compatible with glioblastoma biology. In this work we created an OPC meta-signature that, once applied to populational and single-cell data in GBM, reveals the presence of OPC features in virtually every tumor, mainly from the Proneural subtype. Moreover, GBM in vitro culture has traditionally been done in NSC media, as an attempt to preserve original characteristics from the tumor. However, if OPC is the real cell of origin, it would be better to grow GBM samples in OPC media. Here, we used NSC media and OPC media in mice lines as well as in human byopsies. NSC media induces morphological and marker changes, while OPC media maintains the cells more similar to the tumor from where they were originated. Mainly, NSC media reduces the tumorigenic potential of the cells in vivo, and causes false targets to be identified in response to drugs due to the expression of non-authentic markers to the cell of origin. Human glioma analysis indicates that the actively proliferating population expresses OPC markers, regardless of the subtype in which the tumor was classified. Therefore, we conclude that the role of OPCs in GBM development is more importante than originally thought, and that the employment of culture media based on cell of origin is of fundamental importance for the correct identification of therapeutical targets

Expressão diferencial de genes apoptóticos em linhagens de gliomas

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Avaliação do silenciamento do gene de survivina por RNAI em linhagens de gliomas U87

13

Zika virus infection leads to mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human iPSC-derived astrocytes

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been extensively studied since it was linked to congenital malformations, and recent research has revealed that astrocytes are targets of ZIKV. However, the consequences of ZIKV infection, especially to this cell type, remain largely unknown, particularly considering integrative studies aiming to understand the crosstalk among key cellular mechanisms and fates involved in the neurotoxicity of the virus. Here, the consequences of ZIKV infection in iPSC-derived astrocytes are presented. Our results show ROS imbalance, mitochondrial defects and DNA breakage, which have been previously linked to neurological disorders. We have also detected glial reactivity, also present in mice and in post-mortem brains from infected neonates from the Northeast of Brazil. Given the role of glia in the developing brain, these findings may help to explain the observed effects in congenital Zika syndrome related to neuronal loss and motor deficit

Avaliação do silenciamento do gene de survivina por RNAI em linhagens de gliomas U87

13