Additional file 1 of Comparison of methods for estimating the attributable risk in the context of survival analysis

Simulation results for the estimation of attributable risk A(.) under proportional hazards, constant baseline hazard (γ=1) with regression parameter β= ln(2) and probability of exposure q=0.25. (PDF 20.3 kb

General characteristics of the derivation and validation population.

<p>Data are means (SD) or percentages. Bl  =  Baseline.<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067429#pone-0067429-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>. Combined estimates of relative risk for the association of retained predictors with substantial weight gain*.</p

Flow diagram of participants excluded from the present study.

<p>¹No follow-up questionnaire (e.g. due to death before follow-up body weight assessment, not yet approached for follow-up body weight assessment, emigration or non-response to invitation). ²Pregnant at baseline or follow-up. ³10% missing items on FFQ. ⁴Ratio of energy intake (EI) to energy expenditure (EE) estimated from predicted resting energy expenditure. ⁵Missing data on baseline or follow-up weight, waist or height, missing follow-up time. ⁶Baseline height<130 cm, BMI<16 kg/m², 0160 cm, follow-up weight>700 kg. Combination of waist<60 cm and BMI>25 kg/m². ⁷Annual weight change>5 kg (either direction) or annual waist change>7 cm (either direction). ⁸ Baseline cancer, diabetes or cardiovascular disease.⁹ In contrast to the derivation of the model where it is important to obtain unbiased estimates of relative risk, we think only original data should be used in the validation sample and we therefore excluded individuals with missing values.</p

Cinémagazine : hebdomadaire illustré

20 décembre 19291929/12/20 (A9,N51)-1929/12/20

Hazard ratios^* and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to sitting height and overall height in men and women.

<p>Hazard ratios^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173117#t006fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to sitting height and overall height in men and women.</p

Calibration plot showing observed proportion of cases across tenths of predicted risk in the a) derivation sample and b) validation sample.

<p>Corresponding range of points for tenths in the derivation sample were <145, 145–<165, 165–<181, 181–<194, 194–<206, 206–<218, 218–<231, 231–<246, 246–<267, and ≥267. P for calibration  = 0.02. Corresponding range of points for tenths in the validation sample <162, 162–<185, 185–<200, 200–<212, 212–<223, 223–<234, 234–<246, 246–<259, 259–<280, and ≥280. P for calibration  = <001.</p

Hazard ratios^* and 95% confidence intervals for all cause and cause-specific mortality according to sitting height in men.

<p>Hazard ratios^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173117#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} and 95% confidence intervals for all cause and cause-specific mortality according to sitting height in men.</p

Baseline characteristics according to height.

<p>Baseline characteristics according to height.</p

Hazard ratios^* and 95% confidence intervals for all cause and cause-specific mortality according to height in men.

<p>Hazard ratios^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173117#t002fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} and 95% confidence intervals for all cause and cause-specific mortality according to height in men.</p

Combined Impact of Lifestyle Factors on Prospective Change in Body Weight and Waist Circumference in Participants of the EPIC-PANACEA Study

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The evidence that individual dietary and lifestyle factors influence a person’s weight and waist circumference is well established; however their combined impact is less well documented. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect of physical activity, nutrition and smoking status on prospective gain in body weight and waist circumference.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>We used data of the prospective EPIC-PANACEA study. Between 1992 and 2000, 325,537 participants (94,445 men and 231,092 women, aged between 25–70) were recruited from nine European countries. Participants were categorised into two groups (positive or negative health behaviours) for each of the following being physically active, adherent to a healthy (Mediterranean not including alcohol) diet, and never-smoking for a total score ranging from zero to three. Anthropometric measures were taken at baseline and were mainly self-reported after a medium follow-up time of 5 years.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>Mixed-effects linear regression models adjusted for age, educational level, alcohol consumption, baseline body mass index and follow-up time showed that men and women who reported to be physically active, never-smoking and adherent to the Mediterranean diet gained over a 5-year period 537 (95% CI −706, −368) and 200 (−478, −87) gram less weight and 0.95 (−1.27, −0.639) and 0.99 (−1.29, −0.69) cm less waist circumference, respectively, compared to participants with zero healthy behaviours.</p> <h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The combination of positive health behaviours was associated with significantly lower weight and waist circumference gain.</p> </div