Taking the heterogeneity of citizens into account: flood risk communication in coastal cities – a case study of Bremen

The likely manifestations of climate change like flood hazards are prominent topics in public communication. This can be shown by media analysis and questionnaire data. However, in the case of flood risks an information gap remains resulting in misinformed citizens who probably will not perform the necessary protective actions when an emergency occurs. This paper examines more closely a newly developed approach to flood risk communication that takes the heterogeneity of citizens into account and aims to close this gap. The heterogeneity is analysed on the meso level regarding differences in residential situation as well as on the micro level with respect to risk perception and protective actions. Using the city of Bremen as a case study, empirical data from n=831 respondents were used to identify Action Types representing different states of readiness for protective actions in view of flood risks. These subpopulations can be provided with specific information to meet their heterogeneous needs for risk communication. A prototype of a computer-based information system is described that can produce and pass on such tailored information. However, such an approach to risk communication has to be complemented by meso level analysis which takes the social diversity of subpopulations into account. Social vulnerability is the crucial concept for understanding the distribution of resources and capacities among different social groups. We therefore recommend putting forums and organisations into place that can mediate between the state and its citizens

Integriertes Hochwasserrisikomanagement in einer individualisierten Gesellschaft (INNIG)

Die vorliegende Studie zur politisch-administrativen Steuerung des Hochwasserrisikos in der Bundesrepublik ist in drei Teile untergliedert: Im ersten Teil werden die Grundlagen einer Anpassung an den Klimawandel in städtischen Bereichen erörtert, ausgewählte Befunde der Klimafolgenforschung vorgestellt und es wird danach gefragt, wie sich die global prognostizierten Effekte auf die deutsche Situation übertragen lassen. Ferner wird das Konzept der sozialen Verwundbarkeit erläutert, das neben dem Konzept der reflexiven Modernisierung die theoretische Grundlage der Untersuchung bildet. Im zweiten und eigentlichen Hauptteil werden die Ergebnisse von Interviews mit verschiedenen Akteuren des politisch-administrativen Systems mit Bedeutung im Hochwasserschutz in Bremen und Hamburg vorgestellt. Ergänzend wurden Dokumente aus den beiden Landesparlamenten herangezogen und das empirische Material wurde diskursanalytisch ausgewertet. Ausgehend vom Phänomen des Klimawandels werden folgende Fragen untersucht: Wie beurteilen die Akteure die Situation in Bremen bzw. Hamburg hinsichtlich einer gegebenen oder fehlenden Sicherheit gegenüber Hochwassergefahren? Was bezeichnen die Akteure als Problem? Wie beurteilen sie ihre eigene Rolle im Hochwasserschutz bzw. im Hochwasserrisikomanagement und wie beurteilen sie die Rolle anderer? Wen halten sie für zuständig, um die identifizierten Probleme zu lösen? Der abschließende dritte Teil fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und formuliert Empfehlungen zu einem am Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit orientieren Hochwasserrisikomanagement. (ICI

Ein konstruktivistisches Lehr-Lern-Konzept mit der Unterstützung von Computern im Stahlbau

Bei Studierenden des Bauingenieurwesens zeigen sich immer wieder Verständnisschwierigkeiten zu den Inhalten der Theorie II. Ordnung und der Stabilitätstheorie. Um diesem Phänomen zu begegnen, ist der stattfindende Lehr-Lernprozess unter Berücksichtigung der Inhalte zu analysieren und gegebenenfalls zu verändern. Computerunterstützungen bieten dabei eine ausgezeichnete Möglichkeit Lernprozesse zu verändern. Ausgehend von einer formalen und subjektbezogenen Beschreibung von Bildung wird ein Lehr-Lernkontext auf Basis der lerntheoretischen Perspektive des sozial-moderaten Konstruktivismus entwickelt, welcher Lernende befähigt, kognitive Konstruktionen zu erzeugen, zu verändern und zu vernetzen. Die Bedingungen an den konstruktivistischen Lernkontext werden mit Hilfe von Computerunterstützungen in Form eines Wikis erfüllt. Im Rahmen eine didaktischen Umsetzung wird der Lehr-Lernkontext in Lehrveranstaltungen des Stahlbaus der TU Darmstadt angewendet und auf Basis der geltenden Studienordnung beschrieben. Die Evaluation zeigt, dass konstruktivistische Lernprozesse initiiert wurden und so ein maßgeblicher Lernerfolg erreicht werden konnte.Schlüsselwörter: Stahlbau, Konstruktivismus, eLearning, Wiki, Didaktische Umsetzun

Integriertes Hochwasserrisikomanagement in einer individualisierten Gesellschaft (INNIG)

Die vorliegende Studie zur politisch-administrativen Steuerung des Hochwasserrisikos in der Bundesrepublik ist in drei Teile untergliedert: Im ersten Teil werden die Grundlagen einer Anpassung an den Klimawandel in städtischen Bereichen erörtert, ausgewählte Befunde der Klimafolgenforschung vorgestellt und es wird danach gefragt, wie sich die global prognostizierten Effekte auf die deutsche Situation übertragen lassen. Ferner wird das Konzept der sozialen Verwundbarkeit erläutert, das neben dem Konzept der reflexiven Modernisierung die theoretische Grundlage der Untersuchung bildet. Im zweiten und eigentlichen Hauptteil werden die Ergebnisse von Interviews mit verschiedenen Akteuren des politisch-administrativen Systems mit Bedeutung im Hochwasserschutz in Bremen und Hamburg vorgestellt. Ergänzend wurden Dokumente aus den beiden Landesparlamenten herangezogen und das empirische Material wurde diskursanalytisch ausgewertet. Ausgehend vom Phänomen des Klimawandels werden folgende Fragen untersucht: Wie beurteilen die Akteure die Situation in Bremen bzw. Hamburg hinsichtlich einer gegebenen oder fehlenden Sicherheit gegenüber Hochwassergefahren? Was bezeichnen die Akteure als Problem? Wie beurteilen sie ihre eigene Rolle im Hochwasserschutz bzw. im Hochwasserrisikomanagement und wie beurteilen sie die Rolle anderer? Wen halten sie für zuständig, um die identifizierten Probleme zu lösen? Der abschließende dritte Teil fasst die Ergebnisse zusammen und formuliert Empfehlungen zu einem am Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit orientieren Hochwasserrisikomanagement. (ICI

Characterization of Organosolv Birch Lignins: Toward Application-Specific Lignin Production

Organosolv pretreatment represents one of the most promising biomass valorization strategies for renewable carbon-based products; meanwhile, there is an overall lack of holistic approach to how extraction conditions affect the suitable end-usages. In this context, lignin extracted from silver birch (Betula pendula L.) by a novel hybrid organosolv/steam-explosion treatment at varying process conditions (EtOH %; time; catalyst %) was analyzed by quantitative NMR (1H-13C HSQC; 13C NMR; 31P NMR), gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Pyr-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and thermogravimetric analysis, and the physicochemical characteristics of the lignins were discussed regarding their potential usages. Characteristic lignin interunit bonding motifs, such as beta-O-4', beta-beta', and beta-5', were found to dominate in the extracted lignins, with their abundance varying with treatment conditions. Low-molecular-weight lignins with fairly unaltered characteristics were generated via extraction with the highest ethanol content potentially suitable for subsequent production of free phenolics. Furthermore, beta-beta' and beta-5' structures were predominant at higher acid catalyst contents and prolonged treatment times. Higher acid catalyst content led to oxidation and ethoxylation of side-chains, with the concomitant gradual disappearance of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde. This said, the increasing application of acid generated a broad set of lignin characteristics with potential applications such as antioxidants, carbon fiber, nanoparticles, and water remediation purposes

Effect of chemical modifications of tannins on their antibiofilm effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Background Tannins have demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, but the mechanisms of action are not completely elucidated. We are interested in understanding how to modulate the antibiofilm activity of tannins and in delineating the relationship between chemical determinants and antibiofilm activity. Materials and methods the effect of five different naturally acquired tannins and their chemical derivatives on biofilm formation and planktonic growth of Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined in the Calgary biofilm device. Results most of the unmodified tannins exhibited specific antibiofilm activity against the assayed bacteria. The chemical modifications were found to alter the antibiofilm activity level and spectrum of the tannins, with the positive charge introducing C3NMe3Cl-0.5 derivatization shifting the anti-biofilm spectrum towards Gram-negative bacteria and C3NMe3Cl-0.1 and the acidifying CH3COOH derivatization shifting the spectrum towards Gram-positive bacteria. Also, the quantity of phenolic-OH groups per molecule has a weak impact on the anti-biofilm activity of the tannins. Conclusions we were able to modulate the antibiofilm activity of several tannins by specific chemical modifications, providing a first approach for fine tuning of their activity and spectrum

A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of targeted therapies for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) imposes a substantial burden on patients, health care systems and society due to increasing incidence and poor survival rates. In recent years, advances in the treatment of metastatic NSCLC have resulted from the introduction of targeted therapies. However, the application of these new agents increases treatment costs considerably. The objective of this article is to review the economic evidence of targeted therapies in metastatic NSCLC. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify cost-effectiveness (CE) as well as cost-utility studies. Medline, Embase, SciSearch, Cochrane, and 9 other databases were searched from 2000 through April 2013 (including update) for full-text publications. The quality of the studies was assessed via the validated Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. Results: Nineteen studies (including update) involving the MoAb bevacizumab and the Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib met all inclusion criteria. The majority of studies analyzed the CE of first-line maintenance and second-line treatment with erlotinib. Five studies dealt with bevacizumab in first-line regimes. Gefitinib and pharmacogenomic profiling were each covered by only two studies. Furthermore, the available evidence was of only fair quality. Conclusion: First-line maintenance treatment with erlotinib compared to Best Supportive Care (BSC) can be considered cost-effective. In comparison to docetaxel, erlotinib is likely to be cost-effective in subsequent treatment regimens as well. The insights for bevacizumab are miscellaneous. There are findings that gefitinib is cost-effective in first- and second-line treatment, however, based on only two studies. The role of pharmacogenomic testing needs to be evaluated. Therefore, future research should improve the available evidence and consider pharmacogenomic profiling as specified by the European Medicines Agency. Upcoming agents like crizotinib and afatinib need to be analyzed as well.BMB

Model-based design for restoration of a small urban river

A model-based design is presented for restoring the small urban river Panke located in Berlin, Germany. This new design process combines high resolution 2D hydraulic modeling with habitat modeling and river-ecological expert knowledge in a highly iterative way. Advances have been made for the habitat modeling: habitat suitability maps have been developed for fish and the habitat suitability for benthos has been assessed by including groups with different hydraulic preferences. Using the model-based design we have developed preference variants for the Panke which include structures such as pools, riffles, river banks, dead wood as well as aquatic vegetation. To account for the very detailed geometry of some structures such as dead wood, high resolution grids with edge length up to one decimeter have been generated. Furthermore flood protection has been assured. The variants should be constructed in the Panke in 2015. We expect that the ecological conditions for fish and benthos will improve, however this has to be evaluated by further measurements. The model-based approach for the design of enhancement measures delivered valuable hints on current shortcomings in the river morphology, priorities for the creation of new habitats and quantitative information on the increase of suitable areas to be expected. In addition, relating the habitat changes to different flow rates helped to estimate the temporal availability of high quality habitats after the implementation of the measures

Effect of chemical modifications of tannins on their antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

BackgroundTannins have demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, but there are still unknown aspects on how the chemical properties of tannins affect their biological properties. We are interested in understanding how to modulate the antibiofilm activity of tannins and in delineating the relationship between chemical determinants and antibiofilm activity.Materials and methodsThe effect of five different naturally acquired tannins and their chemical derivatives on biofilm formation and planktonic growth of Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined in the Calgary biofilm device.ResultsMost of the unmodified tannins exhibited specific antibiofilm activity against the assayed bacteria. The chemical modifications were found to alter the antibiofilm activity level and spectrum of the tannins. A positive charge introduced by derivatization with higher amounts of ammonium groups shifted the anti-biofilm spectrum toward Gram-negative bacteria, and derivatization with lower amounts of ammonium groups and acidifying derivatization shifted the spectrum toward Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the quantity of phenolic OH-groups per molecule was found to have a weak impact on the anti-biofilm activity of the tannins.ConclusionWe were able to modulate the antibiofilm activity of several tannins by specific chemical modifications, providing a first approach for fine tuning of their activity and antibacterial spectrum

Intensity and Inhalation of Smoking in the Aetiology of Laryngeal Cancer

The carcinogenic effect of smoking on laryngeal cancer is well established; however, the risk pattern for detailed smoking characteristics is less clear. Thus, the aim of this analysis was to quantify the impact of different inhalation behaviours on the risk of laryngeal cancer. We conducted a population-based case control study in Germany, frequency-matched for sex and age, using a standardized questionnaire covering lifelong smoking details, including age at start, time since quitting, types of smoking products, duration, intensity and inhalation behaviour. We found higher risks for increasing duration and intensity of smoking. A clear dose-response relationship was found in all inhalation subgroups, i.e., not only for deep inhalers, but also for those puffing on a cigarette. Clearly reduced risks could be observed for quitting smoking. Changing inhalation habits might be considered as a first step to reducing the risk of developing laryngeal cancer. However, the best way to effectively reduce laryngeal cancer risk is to quit smoking