Tolerance to lipopolysaccharide promotes an enhanced neutrophil extracellular traps formation leading to a more efficient bacterial clearance in mice

Tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes a stress adaptation, in which a primary contact with LPS results in a minimal response when a second exposure with the same stimulus occurs. However, active important defence mechanisms are mounted during the tolerant state. Our aim was to assess the contribution of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the clearance of bacterial infection in a mouse model of tolerance to LPS. After tolerance was developed, we investigated in vivo different mechanisms of bacterial clearance. The elimination of a locally induced polymicrobial challenge was more efficient in tolerant mice both in the presence or absence of local macrophages. This was related to a higher number of PMN migrating to the infectious site as a result of an increased number of PMN from the marginal pool with higher chemotactic capacity, not because of differences in their phagocytic activity or reactive species production. In vivo, neutrophils extracellular trap (NET) destruction by nuclease treatment abolished the observed increased clearance in tolerant but not in control mice. In line with this finding, in vitro NETs formation was higher in PMN from tolerant animals. These results indicate that the higher chemotactic response from an increased PMN marginal pool and the NETs enhanced forming capacity are the main mechanisms mediating bacterial clearance in tolerant mice. To sum up, far from being a lack of response, tolerance to LPS causes PMN priming effects which favour distant and local anti-infectious responses.Fil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Chiarella, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Schierloh, Luis Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: van Rooijen, N.. University Of Amsterdam. Department of Molecular Biology; Países BajosFil: Rearte, María Bárbara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Palermo, Marina Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Isturiz, Martín Amadeo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Novel use of all-trans-retinoic acid in a model of lipopolysaccharide-immunosuppression to decrease the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by reducing the proliferation of cd34+ precursor cells

All-trans-Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is a derivative of vitamin A with anti-proliferative properties. Endotoxin shock and subsequent immunosuppression (IS) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates myelopoiesis with expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Since we have previously shown that ATRA reverses the IS state by decreasing functional MDSC, our aim was to investigate if ATRA was able to modulate MDSC generation by regulating myelopoiesis in murine hematopoietic organs. We found that ATRA administration in vivo and in vitro decreased the number of CD34+ precursor cells that were increased in IS mice. When we studied the cellular mechanisms involved, we did not find any differences in apoptosis of CD34+ precursors or in the differentiation of these cells to their mature counterparts. Surprisingly, ATRA decreased precursor proliferation, in vitro and in vivo, as assessed by a reduction in the size and number of colony forming units (CFU) generated from CD34+ cells and by a decreased incorporation of H-thymidine. Moreover, ATRA administration to IS mice decreased the number of MDSC in the spleen, with a restoration of T lymphocyte proliferation and a restitution of the histological architecture. Our results indicate, for the first time, a new use of ATRA to abolish LPS-induced myelopoiesis, affecting the proliferation of precursor cells, and in consequence, decreasing MDSC generation, having a direct impact on the improvement of immune competence. Administration of ATRA could overcome the immunosuppressive state generated by sepsis that often leads to opportunistic life-threatening infections. Therefore, ATRA could be considered a complementary treatment to enhance immune responsesFil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Castillo Montañez, Luis Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Vecchione, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: de Campos Nebel, Ildefonso Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Córdoba Moreno, Marlina Olyissa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Meiss, Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Vermeulen, Elba Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Relevance of inflammatory mechanisms in the cellular damage induced by Shiga toxin, the causative agent of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) se caracteriza por anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia y disfunción renal. La forma típica de SUH se asocia a infecciones por bacterias Gram negativas enterohemorrágicas del género Shigella y Escherichia productoras de toxina shiga (Stx). La disfunción endotelial inducida por la Stx es central, pero lipopolisacáridos bacterianos (LPS) y neutrófilos (PMN) contribuyen con la patofisiología. La falla renal es característica del SUH, aunque en casos severos, ocurren complicaciones neurológicas usualmente asociadas a casos fatales. Es clara la alteración de la barrera hemato-encefálica (BHE) asociado al daño de las células endoteliales (CEs) que la componen. Los astrocitos (ASTs) son células inflamatorias del cerebro y determinan el funcionamiento de la BHE. Los ASTs están en contacto con CEs, por lo que el estudio de los efectos de Stx y LPS sobre los ASTs, así como la influencia de esta respuesta sobre las ECs es fundamental. Stx1 y LPS indujeron la activación de ASTs y la liberación de TNF-α, óxido nítrico y quimioquinas atractantes de PMN. Factores liberados por ASTs estimulados con LPS y Stx1 disminuyeron la permeabilidad endotelial e indujeron la activación de CEs favoreciendo la adhesión de plaquetas y PMN. Los efectos evaluados fueron dependientes del TNF-α astrocitario. La respuesta de ASTs frente a Stx1 y LPS podría contribuir con la disfunción de la BHE y el desarrollo de la neuropatología observada en SUH.The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal dysfunction. The typical form of HUS is generally associated with infections by Gram-negative Shiga toxin (Stx)- producing Escherichia coli organisms. Endothelial dysfunction induced by Stx is central, but bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neutrophils (PMN) contribute to the pathophysiology. The renal failure is characteristic, although in severe cases, neurological complications occur and is usually associated with death. Impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) is associated with damage to cerebral endothelial cells (ECs) that comprise the BBB. Astrocytes (ASTs) are inflammatory cells in the brain and determine BBB function. ASTs are in contact with ECs, hence the study of the effects of Stx1 and LPS on ASTs, and the influence of this response on ECs is essential. Stx1 and LPS induced activation of ASTs and the release of TNF-a, nitric oxide and PMN attractant chemokines. Factors released by Stx1 and LPS stimulated-ASTs decreased endothelial permeability. Furthermore, these factors induced ECs activation promoting platelet and PMN adhesion. Evaluated effects were dependent on ASTs secreted-TNF-α. Stx1 and LPS induced ASTs response could contribute to BBB dysfunction and to the development of the neuropathology observed in HUS.Fil:Landoni, Verónica Inés. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Relevancia de mecanismos inflamatorios en el daño celular inducido por toxina Shiga, agente causal del sindrome urémico hemolítico (SUH)

El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) se caracteriza por anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia y disfunción renal. La forma típica de SUH se asocia a infecciones por bacterias Gram negativas enterohemorrágicas del género Shigella y Escherichia productoras de toxina shiga (Stx). La disfunción endotelial inducida por la Stx es central, pero lipopolisacáridos bacterianos (LPS) y neutrófilos (PMN) contribuyen con la patofisiología. La falla renal es característica del SUH, aunque en casos severos, ocurren complicaciones neurológicas usualmente asociadas a casos fatales. Es clara la alteración de la barrera hemato-encefálica (BHE) asociado al daño de las células endoteliales (CEs) que la componen. Los astrocitos (ASTs) son células inflamatorias del cerebro y determinan el funcionamiento de la BHE. Los ASTs están en contacto con CEs, por lo que el estudio de los efectos de Stx y LPS sobre los ASTs, así como la influencia de esta respuesta sobre las ECs es fundamental. Stx1 y LPS indujeron la activación de ASTs y la liberación de TNF-α, óxido nítrico y quimioquinas atractantes de PMN. Factores liberados por ASTs estimulados con LPS y Stx1 disminuyeron la permeabilidad endotelial e indujeron la activación de CEs favoreciendo la adhesión de plaquetas y PMN. Los efectos evaluados fueron dependientes del TNF-α astrocitario. La respuesta de ASTs frente a Stx1 y LPS podría contribuir con la disfunción de la BHE y el desarrollo de la neuropatología observada en SUH

Interleukin-10 controls human peripheral PMN activation triggered by lipopolysaccharide

Large amounts of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-10, are produced and found early in the course of sepsis. We explore the role of IL-10 on neutrophil (PMN) activation/function using an in vitro model. Isolated human PMN were pre-incubated with polysaccharide (LPS) and/or IL-10 for 18 h. Subsequently, a second LPS exposure was performed and CD11b and CD66b up-regulation, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured 2 h later. We found that IL-10 prevented PMN activation and the secretion of TNF-a and IL-8 induced by the first LPS contact. In the absence of IL-10, a second LPS exposure induced additive effects that were prevented by IL-10. Only ROS generation was highly affected by the blockade of PMN-secreted TNF-a or IL-8. Additionally, IL-10 prevented other possible mechanisms of LPS priming. Therefore, IL-10 modulates PMN activation preventing autocrine activating loops and priming mechanisms, rendering PMN less responsive to a second LPS exposure.Fil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rearte, María Bárbara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Isturiz, Martín Amadeo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Paracrine regulation of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis by macrophages

Objective: Megakaryo/thrombopoiesis is a complex process regulated by multiple signals provided by the bone marrow microenvironment. Because macrophages are relevant components of the bone marrow stroma and their activation induces an upregulation of molecules that can regulate hematopoiesis, we analyzed the impact of these cells on the control of megakaryocyte development and platelet biogenesis. Materials and Methods: The different stages of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis were analyzed by flow cytometry using an in vitro model of human cord blood CD34+ cells stimulated with thrombopoietin in either a transwell system or conditioned media from monocyte-derived macrophages isolated from peripheral blood. Cytokines secreted from macrophages were characterized by protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Resting macrophages released soluble factors that promoted megakaryocyte growth, cell ploidy, a size increase, proplatelet production, and platelet release. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation triggered the secretion of cytokines that exerted opposite effects together with a dramatic switch of CD34+ commitment to the megakaryocytic lineage toward the myeloid lineage. Neutralization of interleukin-8 released by stimulated macrophages partially reversed the inhibition of megakaryocyte growth. Activation of nuclear factor κB had a major role in the synthesis of molecules involved in the megakaryocyte inhibition mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Conclusions: Our study extends our understanding about the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the regulation of megakaryo/thrombopoiesis by showing that soluble factors derived from macrophages positively or negatively control megakaryocyte growth, differentiation, maturation, and their ability to produce platelets. © 2011 ISEH - Society for Hematology and Stem Cells.Fil: D'Atri, Lina Paola. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Pozner, Roberto Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Nahmod, Karen Amelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Isturiz, Martín Amadeo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Negrotto, Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Schattner, Mirta Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas ; Argentin

Modulation of neutrophil extracellular traps release by Klebsiella pneumoniae

One of the main bactericidal mechanisms of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which capture and destroy pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) producer of carbapenemase (KPC) and belonging to the sequence type 258 (ST258), is a hyper epidemic clone that causes a large number of infections worldwide associated with high persistence and mortality. It is necessary to investigate the interaction of Kpn KPC with the immune system to improve prevention and treatment of infections mediated by this bacterium. Based on the hypothesis that Kpn is able to subvert PMN-mediated death, the aim was to assess whether Kpn KPC ST258 could modulate the bactericidal response of PMN, focusing on NETs formation, compared to another opportunistic pathogen, as Escherichia coli (Eco). The results showed that the release of NETs was absent when PMN were challenged with Kpn KPC, while Eco was a strong inducer of NETosis. Moreover, Kpn KPC was able to inhibit NETosis induced by Eco. The inhibition of Kpn KPC-mediated NETs formation still occurred in spite of exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), did not involve bacterial-released soluble factors or cell wall components, and was dependent on bacterial viability. Moreover, when degranulation was investigated, we found that Kpn KPC affected only the mobilization of primary granules, which harbor the proteins with more potent bactericidal properties and those related to NETosis. In conclusion, Kpn KPC ST258 effectively managed to evade the PMN response by inhibiting the release of NETs, and primary granule mobilization.Fil: Birnberg Weiss, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Castillo, Luis A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pittaluga, José R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Sonia Alejandra. Dirección Nacional de Institutos de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Área de Antimicrobianos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Immature myeloid Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells from lipopolysaccharide-immunosuppressed mice acquire inhibitory activity in the bone marrow and migrate to lymph nodes to exert their suppressive function

Secondary infections due to post-sepsis immunosuppression are a major cause of death in patients with sepsis.Repetitive inoculation of increasing doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice mimics the immunosuppressionassociated with sepsis. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, Gr-1+ CD11b+) are considered a majorcomponent of the immunosuppressive network, interfering with T-cell responses in many pathological conditions.We used LPS-immunosuppressed (IS) mice to address whether MDSCs acquired their suppressive ability in thebone marrow (BM) and whether they could migrate to lymph nodes (LNs) to exert their suppressive function. Ourresults showed that Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells of IS mice already had the potential to inhibit T-cell proliferation in the BM.Moreover, soluble factors present in the BM from IS mice were responsible for inducing this inhibitory ability incontrol BM cells. In addition, migration of Gr-1+ CD11b+ to LNs in vivo was maximal when cells obtained from theBM of IS mice were inoculated into an IS context. In this regard, we found chemoattractant activity in cell-free LNextracts (LNEs) from IS mice and an increased expression of the LN-homing chemokine receptor C?C chemokinereceptor type 7 (CCR7) in IS BM Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells. These results indicate that Gr-1+ CD11b+ cells found in BMfrom IS mice acquire their suppressive activity in the same niche where they are generated, and migrate to LNs toexert their inhibitory role. A better understanding of MDSC generation and/or regulation of factors able to inducetheir inhibitory function may provide new and more effective tools for the treatment of sepsis-associatedimmunosuppression.Fil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Chiarella, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Schierloh, Luis Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Isturiz, Martín Amadeo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Prokaryotic RNA associated to bacterial viability induces Polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first cellular line of antibacterial host defense. They sense pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by innate pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether PMN sense bacterial viability and explore which viability factor could be involved in this phenomenon. For this purpose, different functions were evaluated in isolated human PMN using live Escherichia coli (Ec) and heat-killed Ec (HK-Ec). We found that bacterial viability was indispensable to induce PMN activation, as measured by forward-scatter (FSC) increase, CD11b surface expression, chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. As uncapped non-polyadenylated prokaryotic mRNA has been recognized as a PAMP associated to bacterial viability by macrophages and dendritic cells, total prokaryotic RNA (pRNA) from live Ec was purified and used as a stimulus for PMN. pRNA triggered similar responses to those observed with live bacteria. No RNA could be isolated from HK-Ec, explaining the lack of effect of dead bacteria. Moreover, the supernatant of dead bacteria was able to induce PMN activation, and this was associated with the presence of pRNA in this supernatant, which is released in the killing process. The induction of bactericidal functions (ROS and NETosis) by pRNA were abolished when the supernatant of dead bacteria or isolated pRNA were treated with RNAse. Moreover, endocytosis was necessary for pRNA-induced ROS generation and NETosis, and priming was required for the induction of pRNA-induced ROS in whole blood. However, responses related to movement and degranulation (FSC increase, CD11b up-regulation, and chemotaxis) were still triggered when pRNA was digested with RNase, and were not dependent on pRNA endocytosis or PMN priming. In conclusion, our results indicate that PMN sense live bacteria through recognition of pRNA, and this sensing triggers potent bactericidal mechanisms.Fil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Castillo Montañez, Luis Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Martire Greco, Daiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Milillo, María Ayelén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Barrionuevo, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Gabriela Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Macrophage derived signalling regulates negatively the megakaryocyte compartment.

Megakaryocytopoiesis is the process by which stem cells go through a process of commitment, proliferation and differentiation leading to the production of platelets. In the mouse, this process is accomplished within the bone marrow (BM) and spleen microenvironment and is carried out by regulatory molecules and accessory cells including macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial-like cells. Previously, we have reported that macrophage depletion following administration of liposomal clodronate (LIP-CLOD) provokes enhancement of both, megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis. In this report, we investigated the changes in the compartment of megakaryocyte progenitor cells (MK-CFU), their correlation with plasmatic thrombopoietin (TPO) and TPO transcription levels after macrophage depletion. LIP-CLOD-treated mice showed an increase of the MK-CFU in BM and spleen. Concerning TPO plasma levels, kinetic studies revealed a 1.5- and 1.3-fold increase in the TPO concentration at 12 and 24 hr of treatment. We also show evidence of regulation of TPO transcription in the liver and spleen. Although empty liposomes also enhanced TPO gene regulation in these organs, transcriptional TPO up regulation correlated with an increase of protein synthesis only in those animals where macrophages were effectively removed. Taken together, these results suggest that BM and spleen macrophages derived signalling regulates negatively the megakaryocyte compartmentFil: Landoni, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vermeulen, Elba Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Van Rooijen, N. University of Amsterdam; Países BajosFil: Gómez, Sonia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Palermo, Marina Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Isturiz, Martín Amadeo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alves Rosa, Maria Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin