COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS EMPREGADAS NA CONSERVAÇÃO E MANUTENÇÃO DE PEÇAS ANATÔMICAS

Among the several ways to obtain the conservation of anatomical parts for study, formalization is the most used. This technique changes the color and texture, making the teaching-learning process difficult. In addition, it provides an unhealthy environment that may compromise the health of individuals constantly exposed to formaldehyde. There are alternative techniques such as glycerination, cryodehydration, and corrosion, which reduce health risks caused by exposure to materials, provide an environment free of unpleasant odors and facilitate handling and storage of parts, when compared to formalization. This work aims to present alternative techniques for the conservation and maintenance of anatomical parts and their proper procedures, seeking to replace the use of formaldehyde the main form of conservation. The glycerination technique presents great efficiency in preserving the viscera's color and shape characteristics, in addition to being a low-cost technique and not presenting health risks, as well as the cryodehydration technique. The cryodehydration differs in relation to the tonality of the viscera; however, it demonstrates convenience in terms of their conservation, storage, and maintenance. On the other hand, the injection and corrosion of organs facilitate the visualization of the internal architecture of hollow organs, in addition to allowing the model of organ vascularization. However, it can be considered an expensive technique depending on the polymer used.Dentre as diversas formas de obter a conservação de peças anatômicas para estudo, a formolização é a mais utilizada. Esta técnica altera a coloração e textura, dificultando o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Além disso, proporciona um ambiente insalubre que pode comprometer a saúde de indivíduos expostos constantemente ao formol. Existem técnicas alternativas como a glicerinação, criodesidratação e corrosão, as quais reduzem os riscos à saúde ocasionados pela exposição aos materiais, proporcionam um ambiente livre de odores desagradáveis e facilitam a manipulação e o armazenamento das peças, quando comparadas com a formolização. O presente trabalho visa à apresentação de técnicas alternativas para a conservação e manutenção de peças anatômicas e seus devidos procedimentos, buscando a substituição da utilização do formol como forma principal de conservação. A técnica de glicerinação apresenta grande eficiência quanto à preservação das características de coloração e formato das vísceras, além de ser uma técnica de baixo custo e não apresentar riscos à saúde, assim como a técnica de criodesidratação, A criodesidratação difere em relação à tonalidade das vísceras, entretanto demonstra facilidade quanto à conservação, armazenamento e manutenção das mesmas. Já a injeção e corrosão de órgãos facilitam a visualização da arquitetura interna de órgãos ocos, além de permitir fazer o modelo de vascularização de órgãos. No entanto, esta pode ser considerada uma técnica cara a depender do polímero utilizado

Perfil químico, estabilidade e atividade fungicida da nanoemulsão óleo-em-água (O/A) incorporada com o óleo essencial de Ba-har

The increase in strains resistant to conventional antifungals means that there is a need for studies related to alternative therapeutic practices, such as medicinal plants. This study aims to evaluate the chemical profile and fungicidal activity of the nanoemulsion of the essential oil obtained from Ba-har (Syrian pepper). The phytochemical profile of the plant material was performed based on the methodology of Matos (2009). For extraction of essential oil, 100g of plant material was used, with the isolation of essential oil by the hydrodistillation technique conducted at 100 °C / 3h. To quantify the total phenolics present in the OE, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. For the total flavonoids, the AlCl3 complexation method was used. The oil-in-water nanoemulsion was formulated by the low-energy method of phase inversion using essential oil, non-ionic surfactant and water, and the obtained nanoemulsion was subjected to thermodynamic stability tests. The essential oils and stable nanoemulsions were subjected to evaluation of the fungicidal action against strains of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (ATCC 96723) and Penicilium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106). The fungicidal activity was performed according to CLSI (2020) using the Broth Dilution method to obtain the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and sowing on agar for Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (CFM). The results obtained for the total phenolic content were quantified at 348.3 mg EAT g-1 and 346.21 mg EQ g-1 for flavonoids. Ba-har essential oil was more efficient in inhibiting A. niger, as it presented the lowest MIC (200 µg mL-1), followed by P. chrysogenum (250 µg mL-1) and later by C. gloeosporioides (300 µg mL-1). The identification of the secondary metabolites present in Ba-har was quite considerable, since they are responsible for the biological properties, thus inspiring the continuity of studies related to its biological activities. As for the total phenolic content and flavonoids present in the essential oil, they indicated the important antioxidant potential. The fungicidal potential of Ba-har oil showed strong inhibition and mortality, however the nanoemulsion product with the essential oil incorporated showed a more efficient action against the pathogenic fungi tested,O aumento de cepas resistentes aos antifúngicos convencionais faz com que aja uma necessidade de estudos relacionados a práticas terapêuticas alternativas, como plantas medicinais. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o perfil químico e a atividade fungicida da nanoemulsão do óleo essencial obtido de Ba-har (Pimenta síria). O perfil fitoquímico do material vegetal foi executado com base na metodologia de Matos (2009). Para extração do óleo essencial utilizou-se 100g do material vegetal, sendo o isolamento do óleo essencial pela técnica de hidrodestilação conduzida a 100°C/3h. Para quantificação dos fenólicos totais presentes no OE foi utilizado o método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Para os flavonoides totais utilizou-se o método de complexação com AlCl3. A nanoemulsão óleo-em-água foi formulada pelo método de baixa energia de inversão de fases utilizando o óleo essencial, surfactante não iônico e água, sendo a nanoemulsão obtida submetida a testes de estabilidade termodinâmica. Os óleos essenciais e nanoemulsões estáveis foram submetidas a avaliação da ação fungicida frente cepas de Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (ATCC 96723) e Penicilium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106). A atividade fungicida foi realizada segundo o CLSI (2020) pelo método de Diluição em Caldo para obtenção da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e semeadura em ágar para Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM). Os resultados obtidos para o teor fenólico total foram quantificados em 348,3 mg EAT g-1 e 346,21 mg EQ g-1para flavonoides. O óleo essencial Ba-har foi mais eficiente ao inibir o A. niger, pois apresentou a menor CIM (200 µg mL-1), seguido por P. chrysogenum (250 µg mL-1) e posteriormente por C. gloeosporioides (300 µg mL-1). A identificação dos metabolitos secundários presentes em Ba-har foi bastante considerável, visto que estes são responsáveis pelas propriedades biológicas, inspirando assim a continuidade dos estudos relacionados a suas atividades biológicas. Quanto ao teor fenólico total e flavonoides presentes no óleo essencial indicaram o importante potencial antioxidante. O potencial fungicida do óleo de Ba-har apresentou forte inibição e mortalidade, todavia o produto nanoemulsão com o óleo essencial incorporado mostrou ação mais eficiente frente aos fungos patogênicos testados, sendo apontada por este estudo como uma nova alternativa no controle e combate de fungos patogênicos por meio do produto nanoemulsão formulada com o óleo essencial de Ba-har

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora