The Lived Experiences of Clinical Supervisors Who Develop Burnout While Working Within Substance Abuse Rehabilitation Facilities In Pennsylvania

Supervision is an integral part of the counseling field and is considered a discipline in and of itself (Bernard & Goodyear, 2009). The purpose of supervision is to ensure the welfare of client system and to enhance the professional development of counselors. Each supervisor assumes an enormous amount of ethical, legal, and professional responsibility by entering into a supervisory relationship with a counselor. As a result, supervisors require extensive training in addition to the development of a substantive base with regard to the dissemination of counseling services within substance abuse rehabilitation facilities. Additionally, the purpose of this study is to provide an exhaustive, rich description of supervisees who have encountered the burnout syndrome while working within substance abuse rehabilitation facilities. The results of this study demonstrate that the development of supervisor burnout is connected with being overwhelmed and disengaged with an unsatisfying work environment that is devoid of consistent supervisory support for supervisors. As a result, the development of the burnout syndrome can have implications for a supervisor\u27s ability to provide efficacious supervisory services to counselors. The findings of this study illuminate the need for specific training experiences with regard to the development of substance abuse counseling supervisors. This study provides specific training recommendations along with suggestions for the integration of supportive measures for substance abuse counseling supervisors. This study also identifies the risk factors and preventative factors that contributes to, or prevents the development of the burnout syndrome for supervisors

The ASH1-RELATED3 SET-Domain Protein Controls Cell Division Competence of the Meristem and the Quiescent Center of the Arabidopsis Primary Root

© 2014 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved. The stem cell niche of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) primary root apical meristem is composed of the quiescent (or organizing) center surrounded by stem (initial) cells for the different tissues. Initial cells generate a population of transit-amplifying cells that undergo a limited number of cell divisions before elongating and differentiating. It is unclear whether these divisions occur stochastically or in an orderly manner. Using the thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine to monitor DNA replication of cells of Arabidopsis root meristems, we identified a pattern of two, four, and eight neighboring cells with synchronized replication along the cortical, epidermal, and endodermal cell files, suggested to be daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters of the direct progeny of each stem cell. Markers of mitosis and cytokinesis were not present in the region closest to the transition zone where the cells start to elongate, suggesting that great-granddaughter cells switch synchronously from the mitotic cell cycle to endoreduplication. Mutations in the stem cell niche-expressed ASH1-RELATED3 (ASHR3) gene, encoding a SET-domain protein conferring histone H3 lysine-36 methylation, disrupted this pattern of coordinated DNA replication and cell division and increased the cell division rate in the quiescent center. E2Fa/E2Fb transcription factors controlling the G1-to-S-phase transition regulate ASHR3 expression and bind to the ASHR3 promoter, substantiating a role for ASHR3 in cell division control. The reduced length of the root apical meristem and primary root of the mutant ashr3-1 indicate that synchronization of replication and cell divisions is required for normal root growth and development

Integrated watershed management in India: strategic policy and institutional options- New Priorities for Agricultural Research in Asia.Policy Brief No. AES-01

Community watersheds are growth engines for the development of dryland areas. Since the beginning of watershed programs, the approach is constantly evolving in India. Today watershed projects do not focus on water conservation solely; integrated watershed management plays an important role in ensuring food security, reducing poverty, protecting the environment and addressing issues such as equity and improved livelihoods

Structural Insights into TIR Domain Specificity of the Bridging Adaptor Mal in TLR4 Signaling

MyD88 adaptor-like protein (Mal) is a crucial adaptor that acts as a bridge to recruit the MyD88 molecule to activated TLR4 receptors in response to invading pathogens. The specific assembly of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of TLR4, Mal and MyD88 is responsible for proper signal transduction in the TLR4 signaling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism for the specificity of these TIR domains remains unclear. Here, we present the crystal structure of the TIR domain of the human Mal molecule (Mal-TIR) at a resolution of 2.4 Å. Unexpectedly, Mal-TIR exhibits an extraordinarily long AB loop, but no αB helix or BB loop, distinguishing it from other TIR domains. More importantly, the Mal-TIR AB loop is capable of mediating direct binding to the TIR domains of TLR4 and MyD88 simultaneously. We also found that Mal-TIR can form a back-to-back dimer that may resemble the dimeric assembly of the entire Mal molecule. Our data demonstrate the bridge role of the Mal-TIR domain and provide important information about TIR domain specificity

Submonolayer growth of CuPc on noble metal surfaces

The understanding of growth mechanisms and electronic properties is a key issue for improving the performance of small organic devices, in which the metal-organic interface and its properties play a crucial role. In this context we investigated the adsorption behavior and the electronic properties of copper-II-phthalocyanine (CuPc) within the first adsorbate layer on Au(111) and Cu(111). Together with recent results published for CuPc/Ag(111) [Kroger et al., New J. Phys. 12, 083038 (2010)] this leads to a comprehensive understanding of the adsorption of CuPc on noble metal surfaces: On Cu(111) the molecule-surface interaction is the strongest. The molecules chemisorb on the surface and form one-dimensional chains or two-dimensional islands, depending on coverage. This behavior indicates an attractive intermolecular interaction. In contrast, on Au(111) CuPc is only weakly physisorbed and behaves like a two-dimensional gas in a wide coverage regime. Only when densely packed do the molecules form ordered structures, which are scarcely influenced by the structure of the metallic surface. Molecule-molecule interaction is also very weak, but in contrast to CuPc on Ag(111) no clear indications for a repulsive interaction are found. Regarding the adsorption strength, this latter system represents an (possibly unique) intermediate case which enables the unusual intermolecular repulsion found recently. Our results highlight the special role of this model system, since the interaction of CuPc with the metal can be "tuned" in any order of the adsorption scenarios observed by selecting the right substrate material

Normal-incidence x-ray standing-wave study of copper phthalocyanine submonolayers on Cu(111) and Au(111)

Understanding the adsorption and growth mechanisms of large pi-conjugated molecules on noblemetal surfaces is a crucial aspect for designing and optimizing electronic devices based on organic materials. The investigation of adsorption heights for these molecules on different surfaces can be a direct measure for the strength of the adsorbate-substrate interaction, and gives insight into the fundamental bonding mechanisms. However, the adsorption strength is often also influenced by intermolecular (lateral) interactions which cause, e. g., island formation in the submonolayer regime and influence the adsorption geometry of individual molecules. The lateral structure can then dominate the vertical structure formation and influence the adsorbate-substrate interaction. In this context, the adsorption of copper-phthalocyanines on noble metal surfaces [Au(111), Ag(111), and Cu(111)] represents an ideal model system since the lateral structure formation, as well as the molecular adsorption geometries, strongly depend on coverage and temperature, and hence can be tuned easily. We demonstrate that for CuPc/Au(111), a system dominated by physisorption, the adsorption height of the molecules is independent from the lateral adsorption geometry. In contrast, a strong chemisorption of CuPc on Cu(111) shows a clear gradient in the interaction strength: Individual molecules in diluted phases are significantly stronger bonded than molecules in dense phases. This finding quantifies the increase of the exchange correlation in the binding process, which goes along with the tendency to a more site-specific adsorption geometry at small coverages

Modelling intermolecular interactions of physisorbed organic molecules using pair potential calculations

The understanding and control of epitaxial growth of organic thin films is of crucial importance in order to optimize the performance of future electronic devices. In particular, the start of the submonolayer growth plays an important role since it often determines the structure of the first layer and subsequently of the entire molecular film. We have investigated the structure formation of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride and copper-phthalocyanine molecules on Au(111) using pair-potential calculations based on van der Waals and electrostatic intermolecular interactions. The results are compared with the fundamental lateral structures known from experiment and an excellent agreement was found for these weakly interacting systems. Furthermore, the calculations are even suitable for chemisorptive adsorption as demonstrated for copper-phthalocyanine/Cu(111), if the influence of charge transfer between substrate and molecules is known and the corresponding charge redistribution in the molecules can be estimated. The calculations are of general applicability for molecular adsorbate systems which are dominated by electrostatic and van der Waals interaction