Kratki historijat speleologije u Hrvatskoj

krš, speleologija, 19. i 20. stoljeć

JAMSKA EKSPLOATACIJA BOKSITA U ZAPADNIM DINARIDIMA KLJUČNE ČINJENICE I KOMENTARI

After a short information about the causes both for the deficiency of papers on bauxite underground mines and for the development of such mines, a concise sketch of the geologic structures of the bauxite regions in the Western Dinarids, inclusive the chemical composition of the bauxites, is given. The main portion of the paper is devoted to the description of the following bauxitic regions: Drniš (with the mines Kalun and Kumanovo), Obrovac (Dračevac, Ćukovac—Grižinice and Krš), Mostar (Orašnica, Tribošić, Trobukva, Dabrica), Jajce (Poljane, Crvene Stijene), Bosanska Krupa (Risovac), and Sinj (Visoka). Presented are the »bauxitic« history of the region as well as its mining characteristics, from the mode of opening to the used mining methods, with their adventages and disadvantages. Comments are made, but no conclusions drawn; the future remains open.Nakon kratke informacije kako o razlozima za nedostatak objavljenih radova o boksitnim podzemnim radovima i za otvaranje takvih rudnika, dat je sažet prikaz geološke građe boksitnih područja u zapadnim Dinaridima, uključivo kemijskog sastava boksita. Glavni dio studije posvećen je opisu sljedećih boksitnih područja: Drniš (s jamama Kalun i Kumanovo), Obrovac (Dračevac, Ćukovac—Grižnice i Krš), Mostar (Orašnica, Tribošić, Trobukva i Dabrica), Jajce (Poljane i Crvene Stijene), Bosanska Krupa (Risovac), i Sinj (Visoka). Izneseni su i »bok-sitaški« historijat pojedinog područja kao i njegove rudarske karakteristike, počev od načina otvaranja jama do otkopnih metoda, s njihovim prednostima i nedostacima. Dati su neki komentari, ali zaključka nema; budućnost ostaje otvorena

ČETIRI STOLJEĆA RUDARSTVA BOKSITA

In the paper the results of many years of archival and field investigations in the history of bauxite mining of the three authors are presented. It was established that in Istria in the valley of the river Mirna beneath the Castle of Sovinjak bauxite was exploited already 400 years ago, and that 1808 about this ore the first scientific account was published. Accordingly, the statements in the professional literature that the first bauxite mine opened 1873 in the French Provence and that the bauxite ore for the first time was scientifically described 1821 have to be revised. About this necessary revision here the essential proofs are produced.U radu se iznose rezultati višegodišnjeg arhivskog i terenskog istraživanja historije boksitnog rudarstva trojice autora. Utvrđeno je da se u Istri u dolini rijeke Mirne pod Sovinjakom boksit otkopavao još prije 400 godina te da je o toj rudi 1808 objavljen prvi naučni prikaz. Prema tome, treba revidirati podatke u stručnoj literaturi o tome da je prvi rudnik boksita otvoren 1873 u francuskoj Provansi i da je ruda boksit prvi put naučno opisana 1821. O toj potrebnoj reviziji prioriteta izneseni su ovdje neophodni dokazi

THE FORMER ASPHALT MINE "ŠKRIP" ON THE ISLAND OF BRAČ

Nema pouzdanih podataka kad se započelo s radom u rudniku pakline (asfalta) u Škripu. Pretposlavljamo da je to moglo biti sredinom XVIII stoljeća. Kasnije, oko 1780. poduzetnici dobivaju dozvolu za kopanje pakline i na obližnjim manjim nalazištima. U XIX. stoljeću, posebno sredinom tog stoljeća, intenzivira se vađenje prirodnog bitumena iz bituminoznih dolomita u dvjema okruglim pećima. Prirodni se bitumen rabio u jadranskom području, a osobito u Veneciji. U potrazi za asfaltom nekadašnji su rudari načinili rudnik, tj. niskop dužine približno 300 metara s visinskom razlikom 40-tak metara. Od glavnog niskopa odvajaju se hodnici s lijeve i desne strane, pa dužina svih bočnih hodnika iznosi još 300-tinjak metara. Promjenljiva je orudnjenost vjerojatan razlog napuštanja eksploatacije asfalta oko 1874. Kasniji pokušaj eksploatacije u dva kraća potkopa nije dao očekivane rezultate.No reliable data exist on the beginning of work in the asphalt mine at Škrip, however, we suppose it could have been in mid-eighteenth century. Later on, about the year 1780, entrepreneurs got permission to excavate asphalt also on minor locations in the vicinity. In 19th century, particularly by the middle of this century, production of natural bitumen from bituminous dolomites was intensified and it was carried out in two round furnaces. Natural bitumen was used in the Adriatic region, particularly in Venice. Searching for asphalt, miners of those times made a mine, i.e. an inclines of some 300 m length with the approximate altitude difference of 40 m, and shorter lateral galleries and inclines in the length of further 300 m. Bitumen is differently infiltrated and/or impregnated in dolomites. Due to this relatively variable stockwork, exploitation was probably terminated by the year 1874. A later try of exploitation with two shorter adits not meet the expected results

Upper Permian Evaporites and Associated Rocks of Dalmatia and Borderline Area of Lika and Bosnia

In the region of Central and North Dalrnatia, as well as in thesoutheastern Lika and western Bosnia, the evaporite complex composedmainly of gypswn and anhydrite and associated rocks: clastics, carbonateand somewhere volcanites have been investigated. The lithologicaland petrographical characteristics of these sediments, theirinterrelationships and relations with Mesozoic, Paleogene and Neogenestrata have been shown. Also, the palynological analyses prove UpperPerm ian age of the cvaporite complex for the first time. This conclusionhas been supported with the geochemical and mineralogical dataas well

GYPSUM DEPOSITS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Pojave i ležišta gipsa nalazimo u velikim krškim poljima (Sinjsko, Vrličko, Petrovo, Kosovo i Kninsko polje), te tektonskim dolinama Zrmanje, Butišnice i Une. Prostorno dislocirane su pojave na Visu i kod Samobora. Evaporiti (gips i anhidrit) uz prateće krovinske klastite (crveni pješčenjaci, siltiti i peliti) i karbonate (dolomiti i vapnenci) te šupljikave karbonatne breče (opučnjaci, Rauhwacke) taloženi su tijekom gornjeg perma. Današnji položaj naslaga gomjeg perma rezultat je kompleksnih tektonskih, posebice neotektonskih pokreta i dijapirskih kretanja. Evaporiti su taloženi u rubnim dijelovima epikontinentalnog marinskog bazena, kada su kontinuiranom progradacijom obale bili stvoreni povoljni uvjeti sabkha i plaja sedimentacije. Gomjopermska starost ovih naslaga u Dalmaciji potvrđena je karakterističnim asocijacijama mineralnog sadržaja i palinološkim odredbama u klastitima te analizama izotopa sumpora u gipsu. Gips je je važna sirovina u građevinarstvu, proizvodnji cementa, kao i u nizu tehnoloških procesa u sklopu kemijske industrije i drugdje, a dosadašnji rezultati istraživanja osiguravaju gipsu kao mineralnoj sirovini značajne perspektive.The occurences and deposits of gypsum can be found in big karst poljes (Sinjsko, Vrličko, Petrovo, Kosovo and Kninsko) as well as in tectonnically predestined river valleys of Zrmanja, Butišnica and Una. There also appear spatially localized occurences on the island of Vis and in the vicinity of Samobor. Evaporites (gypsum and anhydrite) with adjoining overlying clastic rocks (red sandstones, siltites and pelites), carbonate rocks (dolomites and limestones) and porous carbonate breccias (Rauhwackes) were deposited during the period of Upper Permian. The recent position of the Upper Permian beds is a result of complex tectonic, particularly neotectonic, movements and diapiric displacements. Evaporites were deposited in marginal areas of the epicontinental marine basin, in a period of favourable conditions for the sabkha and playa sedimentation due to the continuous shoreline progradation. The Upper Permian age of these sediments in Dalmatio is proved by the characteristic mineral paragenesis and palinological determinations in elastics rocks, as well as by isotope analyses of sulphure in gypsum. Gypsum is a significant ore mineral resource in building, cement production, as well as in a number of tehnological processes used in chemical industry and elsewhere. According to the recent investigations gypsum is predestined to serve as an ore mineral resource of significant perspectives