Determination of cations in natural waters using electrophoresis on microchip with C4D detector

Kapilarna elektroforeza (engl. Capillary electrophoresis, CE) je vrlo učinkovita separacijska tehnika za kvantifikaciju različitih nabijenih specija. Elektroforeza na mikročipu (engl. Microchip electrophoresis, MCE) je minijaturizirana verzija CE. Alkalijske i zemnoalkalijske metale rutinski se prati u različitim uzorcima vode, koji su važni u industriji voda za piće i otpadnih voda industrije. MCE uređaj sa kapacitivno spregnutim beskontaktnim detektorom vodljivosti (engl. CCCCD, engl. Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection C4D) uspješno je primijenjen za analizu nekoliko kationa, pojedinačno i u smjesi. Separacija je provedena na borosilikatnom mikročipu, duljine separacijskog kanala 4 mm. Kao pomoćni elektrolit (engl. background electrolyte, BGE) korištena je 0,5 M octena kiselina, pH = 2,5. Primijenjeni napon injektiranja iznosio je +0,7 kV, a napon separacije +1,4 kV. Istraživan je utjecaj sljedećih parametara na učinkovitost separacije: vrijeme injektiranja, napon injektiranja, vrijeme i napon separiranja. Ustanovljen je linearni odziv za svaki pojedini ispitivani kation, pojedinačno i u smjesi pomoću linearne regresije. Metoda je primijenjena kod određivanja kationa u vodi iz slavine, flaširanoj vodi i u kišnici. Metodički dio rada sadrži pripremu za nastavnu jedinicu Osnovna svojstva tekućina. Nastavni sat je zamišljen kao kombinacija frontalnog i grupnog rada sa pokusima. Grupnim radom nastoji se osamostaliti učenike, a pokusima im se nastoji približiti gradivo te potiče na razmišljanje i donošenje zaključaka.Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly efficient separation technique for quantitation of different charged compounds. Electrophoresis on microchip (MCE) is a miniaturized version of the CE.Alkali and earthalkali metals were routinely monitored in a variety of aqueous samples important to several industries, such as drinking and waste water industries.In this investigations a MCE device with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (engl. Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection, CCCCD, C4D) has been successfully applied for analysis of several cations, individually and in mixture. The separation was carried out on a borosilicate microchip with the separation channel length of 4 mm. Acetic acid solution of the concentration 0.5 M has been used as a background electrolyte (pH = 2.5). The applied injection voltage was +0.7 kV and the separation voltage was +1.4 kV. The influence of the following parameters on the separation ability was investigated: injection time, injection voltage, separation time and separation voltage. The linear response region for each particular cation investigated, both single and in a mixture, has been determined using linear regression. The method was applied to determine cations in tap water, mineral water and rain water.In the teaching part of the thesis it is proposed a preparation lecture called The basic properties of liquids. Lesson is designed as a combination of frontal lectures and students group work with experiments. Aim of the group work is to achieve the independence of students, and experiments are helpfull for thinking about teaching materials and to make conclusions

Metabolizam tumorskih stanica

Tumori predstavljaju masu izmijenjenih stanica koje pokazuju nepravilan i progresivan rast. Može ih se podijeliti na maligne, odnosno zloćudne (karcinom, sarkom, limfom, leukemija) i benigne ili dobroćudne (adenomi, papilomi, polipi). Tumorke stanice imaju poremećenu regulaciju stanične diobe što uzrokuje proliferaciju stanica i rast novotvorevina. Osobine tumorskih stanica su nekontrolirani rast, rast stanica u više slojeva, abnormalnost jezgre, nediferenciranost stanica, nepostojanje kontaktne inhibicije. Razvoj malignog tumora, odnosno karcinogeneza, se može opisati u 4 stadija: inicijacija, promocija, progresija te metastaziranje. U kontroli staničnog rasta i diobe sudjeluju onkogeni i tumor-supresorski geni, odnosno protuonkogeni. Onkogeni su geni koji upravljaju kontrolom rasta i diferencijacijom tumorskih stanica. Protuonkogeni kodiraju produkte koji sputavaju rast i osiguravaju negativnu regulaciju staničnog ciklusa. U zloćudnim stanicama promijenjen je metabolizam, što za posljedicu ima razne kvalitativne i kvantitativne razlike prema normalnim stanicama. Te promjene obuhvaćaju promjene u sintezi DNA i RNA, promjene u metabolizmu proteina, promjene u disanju i oksidacijskoj fosforilaciji te osiguranju energije i promjene stanične membrane.Tumors represent the mass of modified cells which exhibit irregular and progressive growth. They can be divided into malignant (cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia) and benign (adenomas, papillomas, polyps). Tumor cells dusplay dysregulation of cell division that causes cell proliferation and growth of malignancies. The properties of tumor cells are uncontrolled growth, cell growth in several layers, the core abnormality, lack of cell differentiation and lack of contact inhibition. The development of malignant tumors can be described in four stages: initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis. In the control of cell growth and division are involved oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Oncogenes are genes which control the growth control and differentiation of tumor cells. Tumor-suppressor genes encode products which inhibit the growth and ensuring negative regulation of the cell cycle. In malignant cells, metabolism is altered with results in a variety of qualitative and quantitative differences compared to normal cells. These include changes in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, altterations in the protein metabolism, respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, with decresed energy supply and changes of cell membrane

Metabolizam tumorskih stanica

Tumori predstavljaju masu izmijenjenih stanica koje pokazuju nepravilan i progresivan rast. Može ih se podijeliti na maligne, odnosno zloćudne (karcinom, sarkom, limfom, leukemija) i benigne ili dobroćudne (adenomi, papilomi, polipi). Tumorke stanice imaju poremećenu regulaciju stanične diobe što uzrokuje proliferaciju stanica i rast novotvorevina. Osobine tumorskih stanica su nekontrolirani rast, rast stanica u više slojeva, abnormalnost jezgre, nediferenciranost stanica, nepostojanje kontaktne inhibicije. Razvoj malignog tumora, odnosno karcinogeneza, se može opisati u 4 stadija: inicijacija, promocija, progresija te metastaziranje. U kontroli staničnog rasta i diobe sudjeluju onkogeni i tumor-supresorski geni, odnosno protuonkogeni. Onkogeni su geni koji upravljaju kontrolom rasta i diferencijacijom tumorskih stanica. Protuonkogeni kodiraju produkte koji sputavaju rast i osiguravaju negativnu regulaciju staničnog ciklusa. U zloćudnim stanicama promijenjen je metabolizam, što za posljedicu ima razne kvalitativne i kvantitativne razlike prema normalnim stanicama. Te promjene obuhvaćaju promjene u sintezi DNA i RNA, promjene u metabolizmu proteina, promjene u disanju i oksidacijskoj fosforilaciji te osiguranju energije i promjene stanične membrane.Tumors represent the mass of modified cells which exhibit irregular and progressive growth. They can be divided into malignant (cancer, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia) and benign (adenomas, papillomas, polyps). Tumor cells dusplay dysregulation of cell division that causes cell proliferation and growth of malignancies. The properties of tumor cells are uncontrolled growth, cell growth in several layers, the core abnormality, lack of cell differentiation and lack of contact inhibition. The development of malignant tumors can be described in four stages: initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis. In the control of cell growth and division are involved oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Oncogenes are genes which control the growth control and differentiation of tumor cells. Tumor-suppressor genes encode products which inhibit the growth and ensuring negative regulation of the cell cycle. In malignant cells, metabolism is altered with results in a variety of qualitative and quantitative differences compared to normal cells. These include changes in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, altterations in the protein metabolism, respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, with decresed energy supply and changes of cell membrane

Application of Spectrophotometric Fingerprint in Cluster Analysis for Starch Origin Determination

Botaničko podrijetlo škroba je od velike važnosti za primjenu u industriji i proizvodnji hrane jer može bitno utjecati na svojstva krajnjeg proizvoda. Trenutno dostupne mikroskopske metode za određivanje podrijetla škroba su dugotrajne. Škrob se sastoji od amiloze i amilopektina, čiji omjer ovisi o njegovom botaničkom podrijetlu. Trijodidni ioni se obično vežu za amilozu i amilopektin, a njihovo vezivanje ovisi o podrijetlu škroba. U ovom je istraživanju mjeren apsorpcijski spektar kompleksa škrob-trijodid različitih vrsta, kao što su pšenica, krumpir, kukuruz, raž, ječam, riža, tapioka i škrob nepoznatog podrijetla, te različitih sorata iste vrste. Svaki je uzorak škroba imao specifične parametre: maksimalnu valnu duljinu pika za kompleks škrob-trijodid (λmax/nm), maksimalnu promjenu apsorbancije pri λmax (ΔA) i pomak λmax prema uzorku škroba nepoznatog botaničkog podrijetla. Vidljivi je dio apsorpcijskog spektra (500-800 nm) za svaki uzorak škroba dao jedinstveni otisak, koji je zatim obrađen klaster analizom. Tom su analizom podaci razdvojeni u dva klastera, jedan klaster žitarica i drugi klaster krumpira, tapioke i riže. Unutar klastera škrobova žitarica u podklastere su se izrazito razdvojili škrobovi pšenice, ječma i raži od kukuruznih škrobova. Podaci o sortama dobro su se grupirali unutar istog podklastera. Predložena metoda, koja kombinira klaster analizu i podatke dobivene mjerenjem apsorbancije vidljivog dijela spektra kompleksa škrob-trijodid, uspješno je razvrstala škrobove na osnovi njihove pripadnosti vrstama te sortama unutar iste vrste. Metoda je jednostavnija i praktičnija za uporabu od standardnih dugotrajnih metoda.The botanical origin of starch is of importance in industrial applications and food processing because it may influence the properties of the final product. Current microscopic methods are time-consuming. Starch consists of an origin-dependent amylose/amylopectin ratio. Triiodide ions bind characteristically to the amylose and amylopectin depending on the botanical origin of the starch. The absorbance of the starch-triiodide complex was measured for wheat, potato, corn, rye, barley, rice, tapioca and unknown origin starch, and within the different cultivars. Each starch sample had specific parameters: starch-triiodide complex peak wavelength maximum (λmax/nm), maximum absorbance change at λmax (ΔA) and λmax shift towards the unknown origin starch sample values. The visible absorption spectra (500-800 nm) for each starch sample were used as a unique fingerprint, and then elaborated by cluster analysis. The cluster analysis managed to distinguish data of two clusters, a cereal type cluster and a potato/tapioca/rice starch cluster. The cereal subclusters extensively distinguished wheat/barley/rye starches from corn starches. Data for cultivars were mostly in good agreement within the same subclaster. The proposed method that combines cluster analysis and visible absorbance data for starch-triiodide complex was able to distinguish starch of different botanical origins and cultivars within the same species. This method is simpler and more convenient than standard time-consuming methods

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Determination of cations in natural waters using electrophoresis on microchip with C4D detector

Kapilarna elektroforeza (engl. Capillary electrophoresis, CE) je vrlo učinkovita separacijska tehnika za kvantifikaciju različitih nabijenih specija. Elektroforeza na mikročipu (engl. Microchip electrophoresis, MCE) je minijaturizirana verzija CE. Alkalijske i zemnoalkalijske metale rutinski se prati u različitim uzorcima vode, koji su važni u industriji voda za piće i otpadnih voda industrije. MCE uređaj sa kapacitivno spregnutim beskontaktnim detektorom vodljivosti (engl. CCCCD, engl. Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection C4D) uspješno je primijenjen za analizu nekoliko kationa, pojedinačno i u smjesi. Separacija je provedena na borosilikatnom mikročipu, duljine separacijskog kanala 4 mm. Kao pomoćni elektrolit (engl. background electrolyte, BGE) korištena je 0,5 M octena kiselina, pH = 2,5. Primijenjeni napon injektiranja iznosio je +0,7 kV, a napon separacije +1,4 kV. Istraživan je utjecaj sljedećih parametara na učinkovitost separacije: vrijeme injektiranja, napon injektiranja, vrijeme i napon separiranja. Ustanovljen je linearni odziv za svaki pojedini ispitivani kation, pojedinačno i u smjesi pomoću linearne regresije. Metoda je primijenjena kod određivanja kationa u vodi iz slavine, flaširanoj vodi i u kišnici. Metodički dio rada sadrži pripremu za nastavnu jedinicu Osnovna svojstva tekućina. Nastavni sat je zamišljen kao kombinacija frontalnog i grupnog rada sa pokusima. Grupnim radom nastoji se osamostaliti učenike, a pokusima im se nastoji približiti gradivo te potiče na razmišljanje i donošenje zaključaka.Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a highly efficient separation technique for quantitation of different charged compounds. Electrophoresis on microchip (MCE) is a miniaturized version of the CE.Alkali and earthalkali metals were routinely monitored in a variety of aqueous samples important to several industries, such as drinking and waste water industries.In this investigations a MCE device with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (engl. Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection, CCCCD, C4D) has been successfully applied for analysis of several cations, individually and in mixture. The separation was carried out on a borosilicate microchip with the separation channel length of 4 mm. Acetic acid solution of the concentration 0.5 M has been used as a background electrolyte (pH = 2.5). The applied injection voltage was +0.7 kV and the separation voltage was +1.4 kV. The influence of the following parameters on the separation ability was investigated: injection time, injection voltage, separation time and separation voltage. The linear response region for each particular cation investigated, both single and in a mixture, has been determined using linear regression. The method was applied to determine cations in tap water, mineral water and rain water.In the teaching part of the thesis it is proposed a preparation lecture called The basic properties of liquids. Lesson is designed as a combination of frontal lectures and students group work with experiments. Aim of the group work is to achieve the independence of students, and experiments are helpfull for thinking about teaching materials and to make conclusions

Choir singing in school and development of sholar's musical abilities

Zborsko pjevanje je jedna od najčešćih aktivnosti koja se provodi u općeobrazovnim i glazbenim školama kao izvannastavna ili izvanškolska aktivnost. U aktivnosti zborskog pjevanja uključuju se učenici koji vole glazbu i žele se njome baviti. Glazbene aktivnosti koje se provode u okviru nastave zborskog pjevanja doprinose razvoju glazbenih sposobnosti učenika i nadopunjavanju glazbenih znanja. Glazbene sposobnosti koje se razvijaju pjevanjem u zboru su osjećaj za ritam, glazbeni sluh, glazbena memorija i estetsko shvaćanje. U osnovnoškolskim zborovima sudjeluju dječaci i djevojčice koji su najčešće podijeljeni u dvije skupine: zbor mlađe dobi (djeca od prvog do četvrtog razreda) i zbor starije dobi (djeca od četvrtog ili petog do osmog razreda). Dječji glasovi se razlikuju prema opsegu i voluminoznosti. Prema glasovnom opsegu, dječački glasovi su klasificirani kao: sopran (od c do e2), mezzosopran (a-c2) i alt (g-g1). Cilj zborskog pjevanja je svojim sadržajima se približiti željama i interesima učenika, u čemu ulogu ima voditelj zbora koji odabirom repertoara treba djelovati motivirajuće na učenike i zadržati ih u zboru. Ključ uspjeha u radu sa zborom je dobra organizacija rada čiji su elementi planiranje zborskog programa, audicije, selekcije i odabir pjevača, organizacija rada u okviru zborskih pokusa, javni nastup i kultura zbora.Choir singing is one of the most common activities in general education and music schools within the extracurricular and out-of-school activities. Scholars which like the music and would like to be involved in music join the choir singing activities. Musical activities provided during the choir singing courses contribute to the development of musical skills and enrich their musical knowledge. Musical abilities which are developed during singing in choir are sense for the rythm, musical hearing, musical memory and aesthetic notions. Primary education choir are made of boys and girls usualy devided in two groups: younger choir (children form first to fourth grade) and older choir (children froem fourth or fifth to eight grade). Boys` voices are differed according to range and volume. According to voice range children`s voices are classified as: sopran (c-e2), mezzosopran (a-c2) and alt (g-g1). The aim of the choir singing is to bring the cintent to the wishes and interests of the scholars. The choir director has a signiffican rolle in motivating the scholars and keeping the interested trough the selection of the repertoire. The key to the success in choir singing is to have a good work organisation and planning several elements: choir singing programme, auditions, singers selection, activities organisation during choir practices, public performances and building up a choir chulture

Choir singing in school and development of sholar's musical abilities

Zborsko pjevanje je jedna od najčešćih aktivnosti koja se provodi u općeobrazovnim i glazbenim školama kao izvannastavna ili izvanškolska aktivnost. U aktivnosti zborskog pjevanja uključuju se učenici koji vole glazbu i žele se njome baviti. Glazbene aktivnosti koje se provode u okviru nastave zborskog pjevanja doprinose razvoju glazbenih sposobnosti učenika i nadopunjavanju glazbenih znanja. Glazbene sposobnosti koje se razvijaju pjevanjem u zboru su osjećaj za ritam, glazbeni sluh, glazbena memorija i estetsko shvaćanje. U osnovnoškolskim zborovima sudjeluju dječaci i djevojčice koji su najčešće podijeljeni u dvije skupine: zbor mlađe dobi (djeca od prvog do četvrtog razreda) i zbor starije dobi (djeca od četvrtog ili petog do osmog razreda). Dječji glasovi se razlikuju prema opsegu i voluminoznosti. Prema glasovnom opsegu, dječački glasovi su klasificirani kao: sopran (od c do e2), mezzosopran (a-c2) i alt (g-g1). Cilj zborskog pjevanja je svojim sadržajima se približiti željama i interesima učenika, u čemu ulogu ima voditelj zbora koji odabirom repertoara treba djelovati motivirajuće na učenike i zadržati ih u zboru. Ključ uspjeha u radu sa zborom je dobra organizacija rada čiji su elementi planiranje zborskog programa, audicije, selekcije i odabir pjevača, organizacija rada u okviru zborskih pokusa, javni nastup i kultura zbora.Choir singing is one of the most common activities in general education and music schools within the extracurricular and out-of-school activities. Scholars which like the music and would like to be involved in music join the choir singing activities. Musical activities provided during the choir singing courses contribute to the development of musical skills and enrich their musical knowledge. Musical abilities which are developed during singing in choir are sense for the rythm, musical hearing, musical memory and aesthetic notions. Primary education choir are made of boys and girls usualy devided in two groups: younger choir (children form first to fourth grade) and older choir (children froem fourth or fifth to eight grade). Boys` voices are differed according to range and volume. According to voice range children`s voices are classified as: sopran (c-e2), mezzosopran (a-c2) and alt (g-g1). The aim of the choir singing is to bring the cintent to the wishes and interests of the scholars. The choir director has a signiffican rolle in motivating the scholars and keeping the interested trough the selection of the repertoire. The key to the success in choir singing is to have a good work organisation and planning several elements: choir singing programme, auditions, singers selection, activities organisation during choir practices, public performances and building up a choir chulture

Audicija kao oblik provjere glazbenih sposobnosti

Audicija je pokusni nastup, odnosno ispit pred ocjenjivačkom komisijom u svrhu prijema na studij, posao, školu, zbor ili orkestar. Audicije koje se primijenjuju u praksi mogu se podijeliti prema vrstama sposobnosti koje se žele njome ispitati. U području glazbene umjetnosti audicije su usmjerene na utvrđivanje glazbenih sposobnosti nužnih za prijem u glazbenu školu, zbor, orkestar ili sudjelovanje u raznim drugim glazbenim aktivnostima i služe kao neka vrsta selekcije kandidata. Ispitivači na audiciji koriste testove prilagođene ovisno o svrsi njihove namjene inspirirane standardiziranim testovima glazbenih sposobnosti. Na audiciji za prijem u zbor ključni elementi koje je potrebno ispitati jesu osjećaj za ritam i intonaciju, glazbena memorija te kvaliteta pjevačkog glasa (opseg, boja i vrsta glasa).The audition is a trial performance, or exam in front od the selection board in order to be elected in the study, school, singing choir or orchestra. Auditions usually used in the practise can be divided according to specific skills required. In the music editionʼs focus on the determination of musical abilities essential for the election to the school, singing choir, orchestra or participate indiffirent musical activities. Auditions are exploited as a selection tool for candidates. Music abilities are evaluated using a sort of adapted standardized exams focused to evalute specific set of music abilities. Key elements for the singing choir audition are rythm and intonation, music memory and vocal quality (vocal range, color and vocal type)

Audicija kao oblik provjere glazbenih sposobnosti

Audicija je pokusni nastup, odnosno ispit pred ocjenjivačkom komisijom u svrhu prijema na studij, posao, školu, zbor ili orkestar. Audicije koje se primijenjuju u praksi mogu se podijeliti prema vrstama sposobnosti koje se žele njome ispitati. U području glazbene umjetnosti audicije su usmjerene na utvrđivanje glazbenih sposobnosti nužnih za prijem u glazbenu školu, zbor, orkestar ili sudjelovanje u raznim drugim glazbenim aktivnostima i služe kao neka vrsta selekcije kandidata. Ispitivači na audiciji koriste testove prilagođene ovisno o svrsi njihove namjene inspirirane standardiziranim testovima glazbenih sposobnosti. Na audiciji za prijem u zbor ključni elementi koje je potrebno ispitati jesu osjećaj za ritam i intonaciju, glazbena memorija te kvaliteta pjevačkog glasa (opseg, boja i vrsta glasa).The audition is a trial performance, or exam in front od the selection board in order to be elected in the study, school, singing choir or orchestra. Auditions usually used in the practise can be divided according to specific skills required. In the music editionʼs focus on the determination of musical abilities essential for the election to the school, singing choir, orchestra or participate indiffirent musical activities. Auditions are exploited as a selection tool for candidates. Music abilities are evaluated using a sort of adapted standardized exams focused to evalute specific set of music abilities. Key elements for the singing choir audition are rythm and intonation, music memory and vocal quality (vocal range, color and vocal type)