Synthesis and Analysis of Circuits with Modern Active Elements

Disertační práce pojednává o návrhu a realizaci aktivních kmitočtových filtrů s proudovými (CC – Current Conveyor) a napěťovými konvejory (VC – Voltage Conveyor), dále pak s proudovými aktivními prvky CMI (Current Mirror and Inverter), MCMI (Multi-output CMI) a PCA (Programmable Current Amplifier). V úvodu práce jsou tyto aktivní prvky popsány jako elementy příhodné pro návrh obvodů pracujících v napěťovém, proudovém a smíšeném módu, resp. v tzv. čistě proudovém módu, jedná-li se o proudové aktivní prvky. Nové struktury kmitočtových filtrů s vybranými aktivními prvky uvedené v práci jsou navrženy použitím metod zobecněných autonomních obvodů, transformačních článků a grafů signálových toků. Zobecněná metoda autonomních obvodů je založena na tom, že je definována úplná admitanční síť, ke které je připojen zobecněný aktivní prvek či prvky. Definované admitanční sítě pak lze aplikovat pro různé aktivní prvky. Další metoda návrhu užívá transformační články, které jsou použity pro realizaci syntetických prvků s imitacemi vyšších řádů. Jsou uvedeny původní podmínky realizace těchto bloků, které vedou na maximální jednoduchost výsledné struktury s minimálním počtem pasivních a aktivních prvků. Pro efektivní využití další metody využívající grafů signálových toků jsou diskutovány nové redukované grafy vybraných aktivních prvků. Jejich použití vede na přímou syntézu funkčních bloků, které vykazují požadované vlastnosti. Činnost vybraných zapojení byla podrobena analýze v simulačních programech. Aktivní prvky byly přitom realizovány univerzálními proudovými (UCC) nebo napěťovými konvejory (UVC), které byly na našem pracovišti ve spolupráci s firmou AMI Semiconductor Design Centre v Brně navrženy a vyrobeny v technologii CMOS 0,35 m. Tyto aktivní prvky byly také použity k realizaci vybraných zapojení. Reálná měření byla provedeny ve frekvenční oblasti 10 kHz až 100 MHz.The dissertation thesis deals with the synthesis and design of active frequency filters using current (CC) and voltage (VC) conveyors, or current active elements CMI (Current Mirror and Inverter), MCMI (Multi-output CMI) and PCA (Programmable Current Amplifier). As introduction, these active elements are described as suitable for the design of the circuits working in the voltage-, current,- ,and mixed-mode, or in pure current-mode speaking about the current active elements. The new frequency filter structures presented in this thesis using the above mentioned active elements were designed by the generalized autonomous circuit method, transformation cells and signal flow-graph theory. The generalized autonomous circuit method is based on full admittance network to which generalized active elements are connected. The described admittance networks can be used for other active elements. The next method is based on the transformation cells that subsequently are used for the design of synthetic elements with higher-order imittance. Original conditions for the design of such blocks are given that lead to maximal simplicity of the final structure with minimal number of passive and active elements. For effective usage of another method utilizing signal flow-graphs, new reduced graphs of chosen active elements are given. Their usage leads to direct function blocks synthesis with required properties. The functionality and behavior of chosen circuit solutions have been verified by analyses in simulation programs. The active elements were simulated by the universal current conveyor (UCC) or universal voltage conveyors (UVC) that were designed at the FEEC, BUT in cooperation with AMI Semiconductor Design Centre Brno with the CMOS 0.35 m technology. These active elements have been also used for the realization of chosen filter structures. The experimental measurements were performed in the in the frequency range 10 KHz to 100 MHz.

Novel Floating General Element Simulators Using CBTA

In this study, a novel floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor, floating capacitor and floating resistor simulator circuit employing two CBTAs and three passive components is proposed. The presented circuit can realize floating FDNR, inductor, capacitor or resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed FDNR, inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the CBTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The high-order frequency dependent element simulator circuit is also presented. Depending on the passive component selection, it realizes high-order floating circuit defining as V(s) = snAI(s) or V(s) = s-nBI(s). The proposed floating FDNR simulator circuit and floating high-order frequency dependent element simulator circuit are demonstrated by using PSPICE simulation for 0.25 μm, level 7, TSMC CMOS technology parameters

DCCII-Based Novel Lossless Grounded Inductance Simulators With No Element Matching Constrains

In 1996, the differential current conveyor (DCCII) was introduced as a versatile active element with current differencing capability. Therefore, in this study, the usefulness of the DCCII is shown on six novel lossless grounded inductance simulator circuits. Proposed circuits simultaneously employ minimum number of elements, i.e. single DCCII, one capacitor, and two resistors. No passive element matching restriction is needed and all solutions are electronically tunable in case that one of resistors is replaced by MOSFET-based voltage-controlled resistor. The internal structure of the active element has been implemented using the TSMC 0.25 um SCN025 CMOS process BSIM3v3.1 parameters. Firstly, the performance of the selected inductor simulator is evaluated and subsequently verified in the design of 5th-order high-pass ladder and 2nd-order frequency filters. In addition, experimental results using commercially available AD844/ADs are given to verify the theoretical analysis and SPICE simulations

Representing Constraint Systems with Omega

This paper considers two constraint systems, that of Steele and Sussman, and Alan Borning's Thinglab. Some functional difficulties in these systems are discussed. A representation of constraint systems using the description system Omega is presented which is free of these difficulties.MIT Artificial Intelligence Laborator

Simulating a Semantic Network in LMS

Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on January 1, 1980 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science.A semantic network is a collection of nodes and the links between them. The nodes represent concepts, functions and entities, and the links represent relationships between varoius nodes. Any semantic network must be supplied with a language of conventions for representing knowledge as nodes and links in the network, so that storage and retrieval of knowledge can be carried out efficiently. This thesis examines two approaches to the problem of representing real-world knowledge in a computer: one designed for use on serial computers, the other design to run on a parallel network machine. The two formalisms are shown to be nearly identical, and a simulation of the parallel language in the serial language is given.MIT Artificial Intelligence Laborator

Realization of Resistorless Lossless Positive and Negative Grounded Inductor Simulators Using Single ZC-CCCITA

This paper is in continuation with the very recent work of Prasad et al. [14], wherein new realizations of grounded and floating positive inductor simulator using current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) are reported. The focus of the paper is to provide alternate realizations of lossless, both positive and negative inductor simulators (PIS and NIS) in grounded form using z-copy current-controlled current inverting transconductance amplifier (ZC-CCCITA), which can be considered as a derivative of CDTA, wherein the current differencing unit (CDU) is reduced to a current-controlled current inverting unit. We demonstrate that only a single ZC-CCCITA and one grounded capacitor are sufficient to realize grounded lossless PIS or NIS. The proposed circuits are resistorless whose parameters can be controlled through the bias currents. The workability of the proposed PIS is validated by SPICE simulations on three RLC prototypes

Lossy/Lossless Floating/Grounded Inductance Simulation Using One DDCC

In this work, we present new topologies for realizing one lossless grounded inductor and two floating, one lossless and one lossy, inductors employing a single differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) and a minimum number of passive components, two resistors, and one grounded capacitor. The floating inductors are based on ordinary dual-output differential difference current conveyor (DO-DDCC) while the grounded lossless inductor is based one a modified dual-output differential difference current conveyor (MDO-DDCC). The proposed lossless floating inductor is obtained from the lossy one by employing a negative impedance converter (NIC). The non-ideality effects of the active element on the simulated inductors are investigated. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed grounded inductance simulator as an example, it is used to construct a parallel resonant circuit. SPICE simulation results are given to confirm the theoretical analysis

Current and Voltage Conveyors in Current- and Voltage-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers

In this paper new versatile precision full-wave rectifiers using current and/or voltage conveyors as active elements and two diodes are presented. The performance of these circuit solutions is analysed and compared to the opamp based precision rectifier. To analyze the behavior of the functional blocks, the frequency dependent RMS error and DC transient value are evaluated for different values of input voltage amplitudes. Furthermore, experimental results are given that show the feasibilities of the conveyor based rectifiers superior to the corresponding operational amplifier based topology

Current-Mode Dual-Phase Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Using Current-Mode Two-Cell Winner-Takes-All (WTA) Circuit

In addition to the recently proposed full-wave rectifier by Prommee et al. using voltage-mode (VM)two-cell winner-takes-all (WTA) circuit, we present current-mode (CM) precision full-wave rectifier using CM two-cell WTA circuit. The popular Lazzaro’s CM WTA circuit has been employed for the purpose and there is no requirement of inverting the input signal. Also, dual complimentary phases of the output current signal are available from high-output impedance terminals for explicit utilization. As compared to many recently proposed CM rectifiers using complex active devices, e.g. dual-X current conveyor or universal voltage conveyor, our circuit is very compact and requires a total of 21 transistors. SPICE simulation results of the circuit implemented using 0.35 um TSMC CMOS technology are provided which verify the workability of the proposed circuit

Voltage-Mode All-Pass Filters Using Universal Voltage Conveyor and MOSFET-Based Electronic Resistors

The paper presents two novel realizations of voltage-mode first-order all-pass filters. Both circuits use single universal voltage conveyor (UVC), single capacitor, and two grounded resistors. Using the two NMOS transistors-based realizations of the electronic resistor with two symmetrical power supplies, presented all-pass filter circuits can be easily made electronically tunable. Proposed filter structures provide both inverting and non-inverting outputs at the same configuration simultaneously and they have high-input and low-output impedances that are desired for easy cascading in voltage-mode operations. The nonidealities of the proposed circuits are also analyzed and compared. The theoretical results of both circuits are verified by SPICE simulations using TSMC 0.35 μm CMOS process parameters. Based on the evaluation, the behavior of one of the circuits featuring better performance was also experimentally measured using the UVC-N1C 0520 integrated circuit