8 research outputs found
Orthogonal Projection of an Infinite Round Cone in Real Hilbert Space
We fully characterize orthogonal projections of infinite right circular
(round) cones in real Hilbert spaces. Another interpretation is that, given two
vectors in a real Hilbert space, we establish the optimal estimate on the angle
between the orthogonal projections of the two vectors. The estimate depends on
the angle between the two vectors and the position of only one of the two
vectors. Our results also make a contributions to Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz
type inequalities
Osvrt na predloženi model monetizacije autocesta u Hrvatskoj
Vlada Republike Hrvatske zatražila je od savjetnika izradu studije o monetizaciji javnih autocesta. Istaknuti razlozi monetizacije su pribavljanje sredstava za nove državne investicije, rjeÅ”avanje pitanja visoke zaduženosti javnih autocesta, te smanjenje javnog duga. Savjetnik je propustio detaljnije ispitati ostale moguÄnosti monetizacije osim izdavanja autocesta u koncesiju. Autor analizira izvjeÅ”taj savjetnika monetizacije i prvi ukazuje na znaÄajne propuste koji su umanjili indikativan iznos monetizacije. Cijena monetizacije usporeÄena je sa kamatnom stopom na kreditno zaduženje. Na osnovi usporedivih transakcija, kvantificirani su i vrednovani neke znaÄajni rizici predloženog modela. U drugom dijelu usporeÄuje se poslovanje autocesta u tuzemstvu i susjednim zemljama, te iznose moguÄe optimizacije poslovanja. Rad ukazuju na znaÄajan financijski potencijal i vrijednost predmetne infrastrukture. Financijsko stanje autocesta posljedica je loÅ”eg ulaganja i upravljanja, a predloženi model monetizacije djeluje na naÄin da se trenutni stupanj sposobnosti javne vlasti projicira i zakljuÄa na dugi vremenski rok. Autor nudi novi model gospodarenja autocestama
Static model of stent based on the model of nonlinear hyperelastic rod
Stent je mrežica koja zatvara oblik cjevÄice, sa primjenom u medicini. KliniÄki ishodi procedure dobrim dijelom ovise o mehaniÄkim svojstvima stenta koji se implantira. MehaniÄka svojstva stenta ovise o obliku, naÄinu proizvodnje i materijalima od koji je napravljen. U ovom radu razvijen je matematiÄki model koji se može primijeniti kod onih stentova koji ima oblik mrežice sastavljene od bridova (Å”tapiÄa), a gdje su krajevi bridova meÄusobno fiksno spojeni. Spojevi krajeva raznih bridova nazivamo vrhovi. Kako bi se smanjili troÅ”kovi i ubrzao razvoj potrebno je procijeniti mehaniÄka svojstva stenta joÅ” u fazi dizajna stenta. U tu svrhu provode se raÄunalne simulacije koje su do sada poÄivale na 3D modelima elastiÄnosti ili elastoplastiÄnosti. Takve su simulacije izrazito zahtjevne za suvremena raÄunala. Nedavno je razvijen linearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, tako da raÄunalne simulacije koje se na njemu temelje zahtjeva ju znatno manje raÄunalnih resursa. MeÄutim, rezultati linearnog modela opravdani su samo kod malenih deformacija. Novi nelinearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, koji je u ovom radu razvijen i opravdan, može biti temelj za razvoj efikasnih numeriÄkih algoritama koji Äe biti toÄni i za veÄe deformacije. Novi model stenta temelji se na poznatom 1D nelinearnom hiperelastiÄnom modelu Å”tapa Scardia (2006), koji je formuliran kao problem minimizacije funkcionala tzv. unutarnje energije. U modelu stenta se prirodno koristi model Å”tapova koji predstavljaju bridove mreže. Model dopuÅ”ta savijanje i torziju bridova. PostojeÄi model Å”tapa ovdje je poopÄen na manje regularne geometrije, a zatim uparen s rubnim uvjetima. Postojanje rjeÅ”enja rubnog problema pokazano je uz pomoÄ standardnih matematiÄkih tehnika varijacijskog raÄuna i nekih novih geometrijskih rezultata o krivuljama u prostoru. Dalje je koriÅ”tenjem teorije -konvergencije pokazana jedna vrsta neprekidne ovisnosti rubnog problema Å”tapa o njegovim parametrima. Ovaj rezultat stabilnosti može biti važan u praktiÄnim raÄunalnim simulacijama jer otklanja moguÄnost da malene promjene u geometriji stenta uzrokuju drastiÄno razliÄita mehaniÄka svojstva. Nadalje, taj rezultat omoguÄuje aproksimaciju krivulja u raÄunalnim simulacijama, npr. sa p o dijelovima ravnim elementima. Model stenta iskazan je u minimizacijskoj formulaciji, koja prirodno proizlazi iz formulacije modela Å”tapa. Pokazano je kako se model može poopÄiti i na druge strukture sastavljene o d Å”tapova (npr. graÄevine sastavljene o d tankih Å”tap ova). MatematiÄki rezultati sastoje se od dokaza postojanja rjeÅ”enja i stabilnosti minimizacijske zadaÄe u odnosu na geometriju koju stent zauzima. Rezultati za stent prirodno se nadovezuju na pokazane rezultate za Å”tap. Osim spomenutih matematiÄkih metoda koriÅ”teni su i drugi elementi: iz realne analize, topologije, geometrije i teorije grafova. U izdvojenom odjeljku diskutirana je sila i predloženo kako provesti mehaniÄko testiranje stenta i eksperimentalnu validaciju prikazanog matematiÄkog modela.Classical elasticity: Even though the current bio engineering literature models stent exclusively as a single 3D elastic body, we approach stent modeling by simulating slender stent struts as 1D nonlinear rods. Simulating slender stent struts using 3D approaches (3D Finite Elements) is computationally very expensive and time consuming. This makes testing of a large number of stents for optimal stent design computationally prohibitive, and often times produces simulation results with poor accuracy. This is where our approach could prove advantageous: it could speed up the computation by the order of magnitude while keeping the accuracy of results, even when deformations are large. The approach has been applied in TambaÄa et al. (2010) to model equilibrium deformation within the scope of the linearized elasticity. We are not aware of any research related to the 1D stent modelling using 1D nonlinear rod models. Thus this work is original indeed. Main results: Nonlinear 1D stent models are based on the use of 1D model for struts plus junction conditions on vertices. We take the 1D nonlinear bending-torsion model for curved rods that was rigorously derived from nonlinear three-dimensional elasticity in Scardia (2006). This nonlinear curved rod model is derived by āconvergence techniques applied to the elastic energy and for the middle curve of the undeformed curved rod parameterized by a function. This is what we do: 1. generalize formulation of the 1D model of elastic curved rods to include Lipschitz middle curves, 2. prove existence of a solution of the boundary value problem for the generalized formulation of the nonlinear curved rod model, 3. prove continuity (stability) of the model with respect to the geometry of the undeformed rod, 4. formulate the 1D model for general structure that consists of rods and prove the existence of the solution, 5. formulate the 1D model for stent and prove the existence of the solution, 6. prove continuity (stability) of the stent model with respect to the geometry of the stent, 7. investigate the loads that can be replicated in an experiment and used in this stent model. Junction of two curves is not necessarily smooth. Complex junctions app ear naturally in stents: for example where three or more rods join together. Thus, in order to build a stent model, one first needs to reformulate the 1D model to be well defined for the Lipschitz curved rods. Analysis of the properties of the rod model serves as the good introduction in analysis of the more complex stent models. The results of this analysis also have their own merit. Continuity with respect to undeformed geometry is important feature of the model. It provides also a justification for our generalized model in case of less regular middle curve geometries mentioned above. Similar analysis for the linear Naghdi shell model for shells with little regularity is performed in Blouza, A. Le Dret (2001). This continuity is done using curves of the same and of different lengths. Obtained continuity property is important in order to simplify numerical approximation of the model. Formulation of the stent model is the starting point for the stent modeling. From the mathematical point of view the existence of the solution is important in order to have well posed problem. Continuity of the stent model with respect to the geometry is important from several points of view. It can be viewed as a stability result which is important in any kind of modeling. It also can be used to approximate the rod geometry by piecewise linear geometry which is easier to discretize. Methodology: The formulation of this model is by minimization of the total energy functional on a suitably chosen set of admissible deformations. For this part of the project we will apply direct methods of the calculus of variations. The formulation of the boundary value problem of the nonlinear bending-torsion rod model for specific loads can be described as a minimization problem for on a suitably chosen set of functions including boundary conditions. The columns of are the tangent, normal and binormal, i.e., the Frenet frame, to the rodās deformed middle curve. As the rod is inextensible and unshearable. The strain in the model from Scardia (2006) is given as the difference , where the columns of form the Frenet frame of the undeformed geometry. This formulation requires at least . However, the rotation can be viewed as a rotation applied at the undeformed geometry, i.e., . A simple calculation shows that the boundary value problems can be easily reformulated in terms of the ātransformation rotationā . Such formulations have no derivatives on and the models are now well formulated for and any measurable with values in almost everywhere, i.e., . This implies that the new formulation includes Lipschitz middle curves. For example, the new formulation is well defined for undeformed geometries with corners. This is in agreement with the one-dimensional model of junction of rods TambaÄa & VelÄiÄ (2012). As a consequence of general theory, -limit functional is lower semicontinuous and if it is bounded from below on a compact set it attains minima on the set. However, in Scardia (2006) no loads and boundary conditions are prescribed and additionally, as mentioned above, we have reformulated the model. We will prove the existence of the boundary value problem of the new formulation of the model by classical direct methods of calculus of variations. In the case of the boundary value problem for rods clamped at both ends the most difficult part, due to the inextensibility of the rod, is to show that the set of admissible functions is nonempty. Let us consider a sequence of geometries described by that converge to in . For the model with both ends clamped we will show that the sequence of total energy functionals associated with , in the appropriate topology (in which minimizers converge), āconverges to the total energy functional associated with , in case is somewhat special. As a consequence, limit points of a sequence of any minimizer of energy for the geometry are minimizers of the energy for the limit geometry . To prove this we build a complex result about approximation of the deformed geometry with precise estimates. In the case of rod clamped at only one end the situation is more simple as no special geometry result is necessary. The key step in construction of strongly convergent approximation sequence for use in the lim sup inequality of the -convergence is based on the following result: for undeformed geometry , deformation rotation , two endpoints of the curve given by we get that for all such that are small enough there is with the same values at ends as , such that connects and and furthermore which is close enough to in . We prove it using the inverse function theorem with precise estimates, see Xinghua (1999). Finally, we use nonlinear bending-torsion curved rod model to model stent struts and more genereal structures. Junction conditions at vertices are given similarly as in the linear case by: continuity of the displacement of the middle curve of the struts joining in the vertex and continuity of the rotation of the cross-section of the struts joining in the vertex (this means that deformation rotation is well defined for vertices). Nonemptyness of the admissible function set is trivial as we suppose that the stent is already built and the reference position satisfies the junction conditions. Then the existence result follows using classical methods of calculus of variations. We obtain the continuity of the stent model with respect to geometry by using āconvergence of the total energy functional, see e.g. Braides (2002) for details on āconvergence. The most delicate limsup result is obtained based on the geometrical approximation lemma stated earlier for one rod, and some delicate analysis. One hard case of continuity result is solved by introducing the notion of equivalence between stents
Static model of stent based on the model of nonlinear hyperelastic rod
Stent je mrežica koja zatvara oblik cjevÄice, sa primjenom u medicini. KliniÄki ishodi procedure dobrim dijelom ovise o mehaniÄkim svojstvima stenta koji se implantira. MehaniÄka svojstva stenta ovise o obliku, naÄinu proizvodnje i materijalima od koji je napravljen. U ovom radu razvijen je matematiÄki model koji se može primijeniti kod onih stentova koji ima oblik mrežice sastavljene od bridova (Å”tapiÄa), a gdje su krajevi bridova meÄusobno fiksno spojeni. Spojevi krajeva raznih bridova nazivamo vrhovi. Kako bi se smanjili troÅ”kovi i ubrzao razvoj potrebno je procijeniti mehaniÄka svojstva stenta joÅ” u fazi dizajna stenta. U tu svrhu provode se raÄunalne simulacije koje su do sada poÄivale na 3D modelima elastiÄnosti ili elastoplastiÄnosti. Takve su simulacije izrazito zahtjevne za suvremena raÄunala. Nedavno je razvijen linearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, tako da raÄunalne simulacije koje se na njemu temelje zahtjeva ju znatno manje raÄunalnih resursa. MeÄutim, rezultati linearnog modela opravdani su samo kod malenih deformacija. Novi nelinearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, koji je u ovom radu razvijen i opravdan, može biti temelj za razvoj efikasnih numeriÄkih algoritama koji Äe biti toÄni i za veÄe deformacije. Novi model stenta temelji se na poznatom 1D nelinearnom hiperelastiÄnom modelu Å”tapa Scardia (2006), koji je formuliran kao problem minimizacije funkcionala tzv. unutarnje energije. U modelu stenta se prirodno koristi model Å”tapova koji predstavljaju bridove mreže. Model dopuÅ”ta savijanje i torziju bridova. PostojeÄi model Å”tapa ovdje je poopÄen na manje regularne geometrije, a zatim uparen s rubnim uvjetima. Postojanje rjeÅ”enja rubnog problema pokazano je uz pomoÄ standardnih matematiÄkih tehnika varijacijskog raÄuna i nekih novih geometrijskih rezultata o krivuljama u prostoru. Dalje je koriÅ”tenjem teorije -konvergencije pokazana jedna vrsta neprekidne ovisnosti rubnog problema Å”tapa o njegovim parametrima. Ovaj rezultat stabilnosti može biti važan u praktiÄnim raÄunalnim simulacijama jer otklanja moguÄnost da malene promjene u geometriji stenta uzrokuju drastiÄno razliÄita mehaniÄka svojstva. Nadalje, taj rezultat omoguÄuje aproksimaciju krivulja u raÄunalnim simulacijama, npr. sa p o dijelovima ravnim elementima. Model stenta iskazan je u minimizacijskoj formulaciji, koja prirodno proizlazi iz formulacije modela Å”tapa. Pokazano je kako se model može poopÄiti i na druge strukture sastavljene o d Å”tapova (npr. graÄevine sastavljene o d tankih Å”tap ova). MatematiÄki rezultati sastoje se od dokaza postojanja rjeÅ”enja i stabilnosti minimizacijske zadaÄe u odnosu na geometriju koju stent zauzima. Rezultati za stent prirodno se nadovezuju na pokazane rezultate za Å”tap. Osim spomenutih matematiÄkih metoda koriÅ”teni su i drugi elementi: iz realne analize, topologije, geometrije i teorije grafova. U izdvojenom odjeljku diskutirana je sila i predloženo kako provesti mehaniÄko testiranje stenta i eksperimentalnu validaciju prikazanog matematiÄkog modela.Classical elasticity: Even though the current bio engineering literature models stent exclusively as a single 3D elastic body, we approach stent modeling by simulating slender stent struts as 1D nonlinear rods. Simulating slender stent struts using 3D approaches (3D Finite Elements) is computationally very expensive and time consuming. This makes testing of a large number of stents for optimal stent design computationally prohibitive, and often times produces simulation results with poor accuracy. This is where our approach could prove advantageous: it could speed up the computation by the order of magnitude while keeping the accuracy of results, even when deformations are large. The approach has been applied in TambaÄa et al. (2010) to model equilibrium deformation within the scope of the linearized elasticity. We are not aware of any research related to the 1D stent modelling using 1D nonlinear rod models. Thus this work is original indeed. Main results: Nonlinear 1D stent models are based on the use of 1D model for struts plus junction conditions on vertices. We take the 1D nonlinear bending-torsion model for curved rods that was rigorously derived from nonlinear three-dimensional elasticity in Scardia (2006). This nonlinear curved rod model is derived by āconvergence techniques applied to the elastic energy and for the middle curve of the undeformed curved rod parameterized by a function. This is what we do: 1. generalize formulation of the 1D model of elastic curved rods to include Lipschitz middle curves, 2. prove existence of a solution of the boundary value problem for the generalized formulation of the nonlinear curved rod model, 3. prove continuity (stability) of the model with respect to the geometry of the undeformed rod, 4. formulate the 1D model for general structure that consists of rods and prove the existence of the solution, 5. formulate the 1D model for stent and prove the existence of the solution, 6. prove continuity (stability) of the stent model with respect to the geometry of the stent, 7. investigate the loads that can be replicated in an experiment and used in this stent model. Junction of two curves is not necessarily smooth. Complex junctions app ear naturally in stents: for example where three or more rods join together. Thus, in order to build a stent model, one first needs to reformulate the 1D model to be well defined for the Lipschitz curved rods. Analysis of the properties of the rod model serves as the good introduction in analysis of the more complex stent models. The results of this analysis also have their own merit. Continuity with respect to undeformed geometry is important feature of the model. It provides also a justification for our generalized model in case of less regular middle curve geometries mentioned above. Similar analysis for the linear Naghdi shell model for shells with little regularity is performed in Blouza, A. Le Dret (2001). This continuity is done using curves of the same and of different lengths. Obtained continuity property is important in order to simplify numerical approximation of the model. Formulation of the stent model is the starting point for the stent modeling. From the mathematical point of view the existence of the solution is important in order to have well posed problem. Continuity of the stent model with respect to the geometry is important from several points of view. It can be viewed as a stability result which is important in any kind of modeling. It also can be used to approximate the rod geometry by piecewise linear geometry which is easier to discretize. Methodology: The formulation of this model is by minimization of the total energy functional on a suitably chosen set of admissible deformations. For this part of the project we will apply direct methods of the calculus of variations. The formulation of the boundary value problem of the nonlinear bending-torsion rod model for specific loads can be described as a minimization problem for on a suitably chosen set of functions including boundary conditions. The columns of are the tangent, normal and binormal, i.e., the Frenet frame, to the rodās deformed middle curve. As the rod is inextensible and unshearable. The strain in the model from Scardia (2006) is given as the difference , where the columns of form the Frenet frame of the undeformed geometry. This formulation requires at least . However, the rotation can be viewed as a rotation applied at the undeformed geometry, i.e., . A simple calculation shows that the boundary value problems can be easily reformulated in terms of the ātransformation rotationā . Such formulations have no derivatives on and the models are now well formulated for and any measurable with values in almost everywhere, i.e., . This implies that the new formulation includes Lipschitz middle curves. For example, the new formulation is well defined for undeformed geometries with corners. This is in agreement with the one-dimensional model of junction of rods TambaÄa & VelÄiÄ (2012). As a consequence of general theory, -limit functional is lower semicontinuous and if it is bounded from below on a compact set it attains minima on the set. However, in Scardia (2006) no loads and boundary conditions are prescribed and additionally, as mentioned above, we have reformulated the model. We will prove the existence of the boundary value problem of the new formulation of the model by classical direct methods of calculus of variations. In the case of the boundary value problem for rods clamped at both ends the most difficult part, due to the inextensibility of the rod, is to show that the set of admissible functions is nonempty. Let us consider a sequence of geometries described by that converge to in . For the model with both ends clamped we will show that the sequence of total energy functionals associated with , in the appropriate topology (in which minimizers converge), āconverges to the total energy functional associated with , in case is somewhat special. As a consequence, limit points of a sequence of any minimizer of energy for the geometry are minimizers of the energy for the limit geometry . To prove this we build a complex result about approximation of the deformed geometry with precise estimates. In the case of rod clamped at only one end the situation is more simple as no special geometry result is necessary. The key step in construction of strongly convergent approximation sequence for use in the lim sup inequality of the -convergence is based on the following result: for undeformed geometry , deformation rotation , two endpoints of the curve given by we get that for all such that are small enough there is with the same values at ends as , such that connects and and furthermore which is close enough to in . We prove it using the inverse function theorem with precise estimates, see Xinghua (1999). Finally, we use nonlinear bending-torsion curved rod model to model stent struts and more genereal structures. Junction conditions at vertices are given similarly as in the linear case by: continuity of the displacement of the middle curve of the struts joining in the vertex and continuity of the rotation of the cross-section of the struts joining in the vertex (this means that deformation rotation is well defined for vertices). Nonemptyness of the admissible function set is trivial as we suppose that the stent is already built and the reference position satisfies the junction conditions. Then the existence result follows using classical methods of calculus of variations. We obtain the continuity of the stent model with respect to geometry by using āconvergence of the total energy functional, see e.g. Braides (2002) for details on āconvergence. The most delicate limsup result is obtained based on the geometrical approximation lemma stated earlier for one rod, and some delicate analysis. One hard case of continuity result is solved by introducing the notion of equivalence between stents
Static model of stent based on the model of nonlinear hyperelastic rod
Stent je mrežica koja zatvara oblik cjevÄice, sa primjenom u medicini. KliniÄki ishodi procedure dobrim dijelom ovise o mehaniÄkim svojstvima stenta koji se implantira. MehaniÄka svojstva stenta ovise o obliku, naÄinu proizvodnje i materijalima od koji je napravljen. U ovom radu razvijen je matematiÄki model koji se može primijeniti kod onih stentova koji ima oblik mrežice sastavljene od bridova (Å”tapiÄa), a gdje su krajevi bridova meÄusobno fiksno spojeni. Spojevi krajeva raznih bridova nazivamo vrhovi. Kako bi se smanjili troÅ”kovi i ubrzao razvoj potrebno je procijeniti mehaniÄka svojstva stenta joÅ” u fazi dizajna stenta. U tu svrhu provode se raÄunalne simulacije koje su do sada poÄivale na 3D modelima elastiÄnosti ili elastoplastiÄnosti. Takve su simulacije izrazito zahtjevne za suvremena raÄunala. Nedavno je razvijen linearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, tako da raÄunalne simulacije koje se na njemu temelje zahtjeva ju znatno manje raÄunalnih resursa. MeÄutim, rezultati linearnog modela opravdani su samo kod malenih deformacija. Novi nelinearan 1D model elastiÄnog stenta, koji je u ovom radu razvijen i opravdan, može biti temelj za razvoj efikasnih numeriÄkih algoritama koji Äe biti toÄni i za veÄe deformacije. Novi model stenta temelji se na poznatom 1D nelinearnom hiperelastiÄnom modelu Å”tapa Scardia (2006), koji je formuliran kao problem minimizacije funkcionala tzv. unutarnje energije. U modelu stenta se prirodno koristi model Å”tapova koji predstavljaju bridove mreže. Model dopuÅ”ta savijanje i torziju bridova. PostojeÄi model Å”tapa ovdje je poopÄen na manje regularne geometrije, a zatim uparen s rubnim uvjetima. Postojanje rjeÅ”enja rubnog problema pokazano je uz pomoÄ standardnih matematiÄkih tehnika varijacijskog raÄuna i nekih novih geometrijskih rezultata o krivuljama u prostoru. Dalje je koriÅ”tenjem teorije -konvergencije pokazana jedna vrsta neprekidne ovisnosti rubnog problema Å”tapa o njegovim parametrima. Ovaj rezultat stabilnosti može biti važan u praktiÄnim raÄunalnim simulacijama jer otklanja moguÄnost da malene promjene u geometriji stenta uzrokuju drastiÄno razliÄita mehaniÄka svojstva. Nadalje, taj rezultat omoguÄuje aproksimaciju krivulja u raÄunalnim simulacijama, npr. sa p o dijelovima ravnim elementima. Model stenta iskazan je u minimizacijskoj formulaciji, koja prirodno proizlazi iz formulacije modela Å”tapa. Pokazano je kako se model može poopÄiti i na druge strukture sastavljene o d Å”tapova (npr. graÄevine sastavljene o d tankih Å”tap ova). MatematiÄki rezultati sastoje se od dokaza postojanja rjeÅ”enja i stabilnosti minimizacijske zadaÄe u odnosu na geometriju koju stent zauzima. Rezultati za stent prirodno se nadovezuju na pokazane rezultate za Å”tap. Osim spomenutih matematiÄkih metoda koriÅ”teni su i drugi elementi: iz realne analize, topologije, geometrije i teorije grafova. U izdvojenom odjeljku diskutirana je sila i predloženo kako provesti mehaniÄko testiranje stenta i eksperimentalnu validaciju prikazanog matematiÄkog modela.Classical elasticity: Even though the current bio engineering literature models stent exclusively as a single 3D elastic body, we approach stent modeling by simulating slender stent struts as 1D nonlinear rods. Simulating slender stent struts using 3D approaches (3D Finite Elements) is computationally very expensive and time consuming. This makes testing of a large number of stents for optimal stent design computationally prohibitive, and often times produces simulation results with poor accuracy. This is where our approach could prove advantageous: it could speed up the computation by the order of magnitude while keeping the accuracy of results, even when deformations are large. The approach has been applied in TambaÄa et al. (2010) to model equilibrium deformation within the scope of the linearized elasticity. We are not aware of any research related to the 1D stent modelling using 1D nonlinear rod models. Thus this work is original indeed. Main results: Nonlinear 1D stent models are based on the use of 1D model for struts plus junction conditions on vertices. We take the 1D nonlinear bending-torsion model for curved rods that was rigorously derived from nonlinear three-dimensional elasticity in Scardia (2006). This nonlinear curved rod model is derived by āconvergence techniques applied to the elastic energy and for the middle curve of the undeformed curved rod parameterized by a function. This is what we do: 1. generalize formulation of the 1D model of elastic curved rods to include Lipschitz middle curves, 2. prove existence of a solution of the boundary value problem for the generalized formulation of the nonlinear curved rod model, 3. prove continuity (stability) of the model with respect to the geometry of the undeformed rod, 4. formulate the 1D model for general structure that consists of rods and prove the existence of the solution, 5. formulate the 1D model for stent and prove the existence of the solution, 6. prove continuity (stability) of the stent model with respect to the geometry of the stent, 7. investigate the loads that can be replicated in an experiment and used in this stent model. Junction of two curves is not necessarily smooth. Complex junctions app ear naturally in stents: for example where three or more rods join together. Thus, in order to build a stent model, one first needs to reformulate the 1D model to be well defined for the Lipschitz curved rods. Analysis of the properties of the rod model serves as the good introduction in analysis of the more complex stent models. The results of this analysis also have their own merit. Continuity with respect to undeformed geometry is important feature of the model. It provides also a justification for our generalized model in case of less regular middle curve geometries mentioned above. Similar analysis for the linear Naghdi shell model for shells with little regularity is performed in Blouza, A. Le Dret (2001). This continuity is done using curves of the same and of different lengths. Obtained continuity property is important in order to simplify numerical approximation of the model. Formulation of the stent model is the starting point for the stent modeling. From the mathematical point of view the existence of the solution is important in order to have well posed problem. Continuity of the stent model with respect to the geometry is important from several points of view. It can be viewed as a stability result which is important in any kind of modeling. It also can be used to approximate the rod geometry by piecewise linear geometry which is easier to discretize. Methodology: The formulation of this model is by minimization of the total energy functional on a suitably chosen set of admissible deformations. For this part of the project we will apply direct methods of the calculus of variations. The formulation of the boundary value problem of the nonlinear bending-torsion rod model for specific loads can be described as a minimization problem for on a suitably chosen set of functions including boundary conditions. The columns of are the tangent, normal and binormal, i.e., the Frenet frame, to the rodās deformed middle curve. As the rod is inextensible and unshearable. The strain in the model from Scardia (2006) is given as the difference , where the columns of form the Frenet frame of the undeformed geometry. This formulation requires at least . However, the rotation can be viewed as a rotation applied at the undeformed geometry, i.e., . A simple calculation shows that the boundary value problems can be easily reformulated in terms of the ātransformation rotationā . Such formulations have no derivatives on and the models are now well formulated for and any measurable with values in almost everywhere, i.e., . This implies that the new formulation includes Lipschitz middle curves. For example, the new formulation is well defined for undeformed geometries with corners. This is in agreement with the one-dimensional model of junction of rods TambaÄa & VelÄiÄ (2012). As a consequence of general theory, -limit functional is lower semicontinuous and if it is bounded from below on a compact set it attains minima on the set. However, in Scardia (2006) no loads and boundary conditions are prescribed and additionally, as mentioned above, we have reformulated the model. We will prove the existence of the boundary value problem of the new formulation of the model by classical direct methods of calculus of variations. In the case of the boundary value problem for rods clamped at both ends the most difficult part, due to the inextensibility of the rod, is to show that the set of admissible functions is nonempty. Let us consider a sequence of geometries described by that converge to in . For the model with both ends clamped we will show that the sequence of total energy functionals associated with , in the appropriate topology (in which minimizers converge), āconverges to the total energy functional associated with , in case is somewhat special. As a consequence, limit points of a sequence of any minimizer of energy for the geometry are minimizers of the energy for the limit geometry . To prove this we build a complex result about approximation of the deformed geometry with precise estimates. In the case of rod clamped at only one end the situation is more simple as no special geometry result is necessary. The key step in construction of strongly convergent approximation sequence for use in the lim sup inequality of the -convergence is based on the following result: for undeformed geometry , deformation rotation , two endpoints of the curve given by we get that for all such that are small enough there is with the same values at ends as , such that connects and and furthermore which is close enough to in . We prove it using the inverse function theorem with precise estimates, see Xinghua (1999). Finally, we use nonlinear bending-torsion curved rod model to model stent struts and more genereal structures. Junction conditions at vertices are given similarly as in the linear case by: continuity of the displacement of the middle curve of the struts joining in the vertex and continuity of the rotation of the cross-section of the struts joining in the vertex (this means that deformation rotation is well defined for vertices). Nonemptyness of the admissible function set is trivial as we suppose that the stent is already built and the reference position satisfies the junction conditions. Then the existence result follows using classical methods of calculus of variations. We obtain the continuity of the stent model with respect to geometry by using āconvergence of the total energy functional, see e.g. Braides (2002) for details on āconvergence. The most delicate limsup result is obtained based on the geometrical approximation lemma stated earlier for one rod, and some delicate analysis. One hard case of continuity result is solved by introducing the notion of equivalence between stents
A gas turbine combustion chamber modeling by physical model
The validity of the gas turbine unit model largely depends on the accuracy of the flue gas temperature value calculation at the gas turbine inlet (TIT). This temperature is determined by the maximum combustion temperature. In variable running mode, the temperature value is regulated by changing the ratio of air and fuel at the inlet to the combustion chamber. The paper presents a model of a gas turbine combustion chamber using Modelica, an object-oriented language for modeling complex physical systems with the aim of determining the temperature of combustion flue gases, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, and flue gas composition at different gas turbine loads
Steam Flow Pressure Reduction Valve Mass Flow Calculation
In this paper an analysis of the three different calculation methods for the steam mass flow through the linear pressure reduction valve is presented. Two different makers developed their own mass flow calculation method while one is following recommendation as per ISO standard calculation guidance. All three methods were varied and compared. For calculation model a superheated steam reduction valve was taken, which is reducing superheated steam pressure from 6 to 2 MPa, with fixed Kv value and with variations of the inlet superheated steam temperature from 310 to 280 Ā°C