The degree of the Internet addiction and the psycho-social functioning of young people

Introduction: An excess of time devoted to the use of the Internet may cause negative consequences in the mental, physical and social spheres. Psychosocial functioning of youth has a significant role in the regulation of relations with the environment. Deficits in the area of social behavior and interaction with the environment can lead to social isolation and addictions, which addiction to the Internet has an increasing tendency. Aim: To determine the relationship between the psychosocial functioning of young people and the degree of Internet addiction. Material and methods: The surveyed group consisted of 263 respondents. 52.1% were junior high school students, and 47.9% high school. The average age in the group was 15.4 (± 1.4). Almost 25.1% were boys, and 74.9% girls. Among the respondents, 58.9% came from the village, and 41.1% from the city. The data collection was based on the standardized Kimberly Young Test, assessing the degree of Internet addiction and the author's questionnaire regarding the psychosocial functioning assessment. Results: About 39.3% of students addicted to the Internet admitted that they do not have a large group of friends on whom they can rely. 25% of people addicted to the Internet and 31.6% of the addiction risk group reported difficulties in making new acquaintances. Frequent conflicts with friends were reported by 42.9% of students addicted to the Internet and 31.6% from the risk group. Low self-esteem was felt by as many as 64.3% of addicted students and 42.1% of addiction risk groups. Learning difficulties were reported by as many as 57.1% of the youth addicted to the network. Conclusions: The research results show that in the group of students addicted to the Internet, problems such as difficulties in making new acquaintances, frequent conflicts with peers, lower self-esteem and learning difficulties occurred more often than in people at risk

UPLC-MS/MS Profile of Alkaloids with Cytotoxic Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Berberidaceae

Cancer is one of the most occurring diseases in developed and developing countries. Plant-based compounds are still researched for their anticancer activity and for their quantity in plants. Therefore, the modern chromatographic methods are applied to quantify them in plants, for example, UPLC-MS/MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the content of sanguinarine, berberine, protopine, and chelidonine in Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem., Fumaria officinalis L., Glaucium flavum Crantz, Corydalis cava L., Berberis thunbergii DC., Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Macleaya cordata Willd., and Chelidonium majus L. For the first time, N,N-dimethyl-hernovine was identified in M. cambrica, B. thunbergii, M. aquifolium, C. cava, G. flavum, and C. majus; methyl-hernovine was identified in G. flavum; columbamine was identified in B. thunbergii; and methyl-corypalmine, chelidonine, and sanguinarine were identified in F. officinalis L. The richest source of protopine among all the examined species was M. cordata (5463.64 ± 26.3 μg/g). The highest amounts of chelidonine and sanguinarine were found in C. majus (51,040.0 ± 1.8 μg/g and 7925.8 ± 3.3 μg/g, resp.), while B. thunbergi contained the highest amount of berberine (6358.4 ± 4.2 μg/g)

Health behaviors of people over the age of 65 residing in the home environment

Admission. Lifestyle elements favorably affect health in old age include proper diet and eating habits, the optimal level of physical activity, adequate sleep, satisfying social relationships, skillful use of free time and knowledge of health prevention.Aim of the study. Assessment of health-related behaviors in a group of people over the age of 65 living in the home environment in selected socio-demographic conditions.Material and methods. The study was conducted in February and March 2014. The material consisted of 110 people over 65 years of age. The research method was used in the job diagnostic survey. It was used as a research tool original questionnaire assessing the behavior of seniors in the area: diet, physical activity, sleep and rest, the use of stimulants and sources of stress and ways of coping with stress.Results. The study results, that the majority of respondents eat 4-5 meals a day (50.9%; n = 43). Daily activity declares 29.1% (n = 32) tested. The most popular form of physical activity among respondents over 65 years of age are walking (75.4%; n = 83). Smoke 28.2% (n = 32) tested. In most of the subjects they consume alcohol occasionally (83.6%, n = 92) or several times per week (16.4%, n = 18). Sources of stress in the population of seniors are primarily conflicts in the family (24.5%; n = 27), loneliness (21.8%; n = 24) and financial problems (20%; n = 22).Conclusions. Studies have shown that socio-demographic factors significantly influence health-related behaviors presented by seniors. Assessment of the level and quality of health behavior allows you to make educational activities, care and treatment for people in aging and old age

The influence of the Regulation of the Minister of Health on food product groups designated for sale in educational establishments on the health behaviours of students

Introduction. Nutritional habits are among the elements of lifestyle which have an impact on health. Studies show that nutritional habits developed at a young age form a basis for  future behaviour, so developing beneficial health behaviours by the youngest age groups is so crucial. Proper health behaviours have an impact on development and the state of health not only during childhood but also in the adult life, preventing negative effects on health. Objective. To identify the influence of the Regulation of the Minister of Health on food product groups designated for sale in educational establishments on the health behaviours of students. Material and methods. 477 lower-secondary and secondary school students from the Lubelskie and Mazowieckie provinces participated in the survey. The diagnostic survey method was used, together with the self-developed questionnaire technique. Results. Almost 1/3 of the students (32%) regularly bought at their school shop or a shop located near their school. 14% of the students were not aware that the regulation on the sales of food products in school shops was in force. After the regulation was passed the number of students buying sweet buns, sweets and salty snacks dropped; however, the problem has not been completely eliminated. The analysis of the self-designed study results demonstrates that the number of healthy products recommended for the age group increased only slightly. Nearly half of the students (49%) did not notice changes in the product range available in school shops. Only 26% were satisfied with the introduced changes. Conclusions.1. Not all of the surveyed students are aware of the Regulation of the Minister of Health on food product groups designated for sale in educational establishments and the related product range changes.2. The regulation has resulted in some changes in the everyday nutrition of lower-secondary and secondary schools.3. The product range in school shops still contributes to improper nutritional habits among school students

Nurses and Pharmacists in Interdisciplinary Team of Health Care Providers in Photodynamic Therapy

Background: The modern treatment is based on wide cooperation between diverse representatives of medical professions. The photodynamic therapy is a noninvasive method of treatment both neoplastic diseases and miscellaneous noncancerous illnesses. It is complementary and competitive in some way to various traditional treatment techniques, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. This review emphasizes the significance of collaboration between specialists engaged in research, development, and practical use of photodynamic therapy

Występowanie i nasilenie distresu u pacjentów z nowotworem złośliwym w okresie przygotowania do leczenia chirurgicznego = The occurrence and severity of distress in cancer patients during preparation for surgery

Łuczyk Marta, Śniszewska Katarzyna, Łuczyk Robert, Pietraszek Agata, Bartoszek Agnieszka, Kocka Katarzyna, Szadowska‑Szlachetka Zdzisława. Występowanie i nasilenie distresu u pacjentów z nowotworem złośliwym w okresie przygotowania do leczenia chirurgicznego = The occurrence and severity of distress in cancer patients during preparation for surgery. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):498-512. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.58776 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3713 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.06.2016. Revised 15.07.2016. Accepted: 26.07.2016. Występowanie i nasilenie distresu u pacjentów z nowotworem złośliwym w okresie przygotowania do leczenia chirurgicznego The occurrence and severity of distress in cancer patients during preparation for surgery Marta Łuczyk1, Katarzyna Śniszewska2, Robert Łuczyk3, Agata Pietraszek1, Agnieszka Bartoszek4, Katarzyna Kocka4, Zdzisława Szadowska-Szlachetka1 1Zakład Onkologii, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 2 Absolwentka Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 3 Katedra Interny z Zakładem Pielęgniarstwa Internistycznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 4 Zakład Medycyny Rodzinnej i Pielęgniarstwa Środowiskowego, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Streszczenie Wstęp. Pacjent z rozpoznanym nowotworem złośliwym, który oczekuje na zabieg operacyjny odczuwa różnego rodzaje emocje. Jedną z nich jest distres będący reakcją na zagrożenie związaną z diagnozą zagrażającej życiu choroby oraz koniecznością jej leczenia. Jeżeli distres przekracza możliwości adaptacyjne ustroju może działać szkodliwie na organizm [1]. Cel pracy. Ocena występowania i nasilenia distresu u chorych na nowotwory złośliwe w okresie przygotowania do zabiegu chirurgicznego. Materiał i metoda. Badaniem objęto 101 osób z rozpoznanym nowotworem złośliwym zakwalifikowanych do leczenia chirurgicznego. Do badań wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz wywiadu oraz Termometr distresu. Wyniki. U ponad połowy pacjentów z rozpoznanym nowotworem złośliwym w okresie przygotowania do zabiegu chirurgicznego występowało niewielkie nasilenie distresu, u części chorych nasilenie distresu było znaczne. U pacjentów z nasilonym poziomem distresu najczęściej wskazywanymi problemami były trudności w pracy i szkole, w relacjach z partnerem oraz poddenerwowanie i zmęczenie. Na występowanie i nasilenie distresu u pacjentów onkologicznych przygotowywanych do zabiegu chirurgicznego nie mają wpływu czynniki społeczno-demograficzne oraz rodzaj rozpoznanego nowotworu. Słowa kluczowe: nowotwór złośliwy, distres, termometr distresu, leczenie chirurgiczne nowotworów. Summary Admission. A patient diagnosed with a malignant tumor that is pending surgery feels different kinds of emotions. One of them is the distress that is a reaction to the threat associated with the diagnosis of a life-threatening disease and the need for its treatment. If the distress exceeds the capabilities of the adaptive system can cause harm to the body [1]. Aim of the study. To estimate the prevalence and severity of distress in cancer patients during preparation for surgery. Material and methods. The study involved 101 people diagnosed with a malignant tumor qualified for surgical treatment. The study used an original interview questionnaire and the distress thermometer. Results. More than half of patients diagnosed with malignant the period of preparation for surgery occurred mild distress, in some patients the severity of distress was considerable. In patients with severe levels of distress following most common problems were difficulties at work and school, in the relationship with a partner, and usually follows, and fatigue. The occurrence and severity of distress in cancer patients before surgery do not affect the socio-demographic factors and the type of cancer diagnosed. Keywords: cancer, distress, distress thermometer, surgical treatment of cancer

Nawyki żywieniowe i aktywność fizyczna młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych jako czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia otyłości = School students’ dietary habits and physical activity as a risk factor of the obesity

Kocka Katarzyna, Bartoszek Agnieszka, Fus Małgorzata, Rząca Marcin, Łuczyk Marta, Bartoszek Adrian, Muzyczka Katarzyna, Nowicki Grzegorz, Ślusarska Barbara. Nawyki żywieniowe i aktywność fizyczna młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych jako czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia otyłości = School students’ dietary habits and physical activity as a risk factor of the obesity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):439-452. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.58452 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3708 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 21.07.2016. Nawyki żywieniowe i aktywność fizyczna młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych jako czynniki ryzyka wystąpienia otyłości School students’ dietary habits and physical activity as a risk factor of the obesity Katarzyna Kocka1, Agnieszka Bartoszek1, Małgorzata Fus2, Marcin Rząca3, Marta Łuczyk3, Adrian Bartoszek4, Katarzyna Muzyczka1, Grzegorz Nowicki1, Barbara Ślusarska1 1Zakład Medycyny Rodzinnej i Pielęgniarstwa Środowiskowego, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 2Absolwentka Wydziału Pielęgniarstwa i Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie 3Zakład Onkologii, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 4Student Wydziału Lekarskiego, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Słowa kluczowe: nawyki żywieniowe, aktywność fizyczna, otyłość, młodzież. Key words: dietary habits, physical activity, obesity, school students. Streszczenie Wstęp Według raportu na świecie 155 milionów dzieci w wieku szkolnym ma nadmierną masę ciała. Szacuje się, że co piąta osoba populacji rozwojowej w Europie ma nadwagę lub otyłość. Podobnie w Polsce obserwuje się tendencję wzrostową częstości występowania nadmiernej masy ciała u dzieci i młodzieży. Cel Celem badań była analiza nawyków żywieniowych i aktywności fizycznej młodzieży jako czynników ryzyka otyłości. Materiał i metoda Badania przeprowadzono w 2014 roku wśród młodzieży lubelskich szkół średnich. Badaniami objęto 150 osób w wieku 16 - 19 lat. Zastosowaną metodą badawczą był sondaż diagnostyczny. Do zebrania danych, jako narzędzie badawcze wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety składający się z 29 pytań. Zgromadzone wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej z wykorzystaniem testu Chi2. Wyniki badań Analizując nawyki żywieniowe badanej młodzieży można stwierdzić, że 40,00% badanych nie spożywa regularnie posiłków. Ponad połowa ankietowanych (53,33%) spożywa przekąski pomiędzy głównymi posiłkami, jedynie 10,00% osób zadeklarowało, że nie spożywa produktów typu fast-food. Interpretacja wyników badań własnych dotyczących aktywności fizycznej młodzieży wykazała że, niemal 2/3 ankietowanych (64,67%) odpowiedziało, że czas wolny spędza w bierny sposób oglądając telewizję bądź korzystając z komputera. Wnioski Wśród nawyków żywieniowych sprzyjających otyłości u badanej młodzieży stwierdzono: nieregularne spożywanie posiłków, niedostateczną ilość owoców i warzyw w codziennym jadłospisie oraz spożywanie przekąsek pomiędzy głównymi posiłkami –głównie słodyczy. Stopień aktywności fizycznej badanej grupy jest niezadowalający. Młodzież chętniej wybiera bierne formy spędzania czasu wolnego. Abstract Introduction According to the report of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) there are 155 milion school students with overweight and obesity in Europe. The same trend towards an increase in it have also been observed in Poland. Aim The aim of this study was to analyse school students` dietary habits and physical activity as a risk factor of the obesity. Material and methods The studies were conducted on the representative, random sample of 150 school students from Lublin secondary school aged 16-19 years in 2014. The date was assessed using a survey questionnaire consist of 29 questions created by the authors. The evaluation of the date was calculated using the a chi-squared test. Results The studies showed that 40% of the school students consumed the meals irregularly. More than half of the school students consumed bad snacks among meals while only 10% did not. The results showed that two thirds of the school students (64.67%) spent their time for leisure in front of the TV or computer. Conclusions The results indicates that dietary habits such as irregularly frequency of the eating, not many fruit and vegetables in the diet as well eating snacks between meals, mainly sweets could increase a risk of obesity Low level of the physical activity among school students was observed. Teenagers are more likely to spend their leisure time inactively

Następstwa zdrowotne pracy w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne w grupie zawodowej pielęgniarek i pielęgniarzy = The health consequences of occupational exposure to cytostatics among nurses

Cieślicka Agnieszka, Gębka Magda, Rząca Marcin, Kocka Katarzyna, Pietraszek Agata, Bartoszek Agnieszka, Charzyńska‑Gula Marianna. Następstwa zdrowotne pracy w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne w grupie zawodowej pielęgniarek i pielęgniarzy = The health consequences of occupational exposure to cytostatics among nurses. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):566-574. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI 1http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.154995http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3882    The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 21.09.2016.   Następstwa zdrowotne pracy w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne w grupie zawodowej pielęgniarek i pielęgniarzy The health consequences of occupational exposure to cytostatics among nurses Agnieszka Cieślicka1, Magda Gębka2, Marcin Rząca3, Katarzyna Kocka4, Agata Pietraszek3, Agnieszka Bartoszek4, Marianna Charzyńska-Gula5 1. Blok Operacyjny, Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny nr 4 w Lublinie2. Oddział Chirurgii Naczyniowej, Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego w Lublinie3. Zakład Onkologii, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie4. Zakład Medycyny Rodzinnej i Pielęgniarstwa Środowiskowego, Katedra Onkologii i Środowiskowej Opieki Zdrowotnej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie5. Wydział Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła im. prof. Stanisława Tarnowskiego w Tarnobrzegu  StreszczenieWprowadzenie. Stosowane w leczeniu przeciwnowotworowym leki cytostatyczne działają toksycznie nie tylko na komórki nowotworowe, ale także na zdrowe. Przyjęcie chemioterapii wiąże się z występowaniem u pacjentów licznych, mocno nasilonych objawów niepożądanych. Kontakt z tymi lekami ma także personel. Toksyczne cytostatyki są wchłaniane przez personel drogą wziewną, kontaktową przez skórę, co ma miejsce nie tylko podczas przygotowywania i podawania leków przez personel pielęgniarski ale także przez kontakt z wydzielinami pacjentów. Ich wpływ na zdrowie pielęgniarek i pielęgniarzy nie jest obojętny.Cel. Celem badań było zbadanie następstw zdrowotnych pracy w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne w grupie zawodowej pielęgniarek i pielęgniarzy.Materiał i metody. Uczestnikami badania były pielęgniarki i pielęgniarze lubelskich szpitali w liczbie 97 osób, podający pacjentom i/lub przygotowujący leki cytostatyczne. Narzędzia badawczym był autorski kwestionariusz ankiety, składający się z 14 pytań.Wyniki. Personel pielęgniarski pracujący w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne obserwował u siebie następujące objawy: nadmierne łzawienie, suchość spojówek, zaczerwienienie i swędzenie oczu (47%), podrażnienie skóry (44%), podrażnienie błon śluzowych (39%), nasilone wypadanie brwi, rzęs (30%) czy odczuwanie zaburzeń rytmu serca (16%) oraz nudności/wymioty (8%). Nie wszyscy pracownicy stosowali podczas podawania leków środki ochrony osobistej, fartuch flizelinowy- stosowało 64% badanych, maskę na twarz 61% a okulary ochronne 36% badanych.Wnioski. Najwięcej objawów spowodowanych pracą w środowisku chemioterapeutyków występuje u osób z najdłuższym stażem pracy w narażeniu na leki cytostatyczne. liczba podawanych cytostatyków pacjentom tygodniowo istotnie wiąże się ze znacznie  częstszym występowaniem niepokojących zmian w organizmie, wywołanych najprawdopodobniej kontaktem z tymi lekami.Personel pielęgniarski stosuje środki ochrony indywidualnej w sposób niewystarczający.Słowa kluczowe. personel pielęgniarski, cytostatyki, powikłania, narażenie zawodowe SummaryIntroduction. Cytostatics used in cancer treatment are toxic not only for cancerous lesions but also for normal cells. Chemotherapy causes a number of strong adverse reactions experienced by patients. The personnel is also exposed to these drugs. The toxic cytostatics are absorbed by the personnel by inhaling and through contact with the skin, which takes place not only during preparing and administering the medications by nurses, but also through contact with patients' secretions. They have a noticeable impact on nurses' health.Aim. The aim of the survey was to assess the health consequences of occupational exposure to cytostatics among nurses.Material and method. The survey included 97 nurses working in Lublin's hospitals on the preparation and/or administration of cytostatics. A self-designed questionnaire consisting of 14 questions served as the research tool.Results. The nurses exposed to cytostatics demonstrated the following symptoms: excessive lacrimation, dry conjunctivas, eye redness and itching (47%), skin irritation (44%), irritated mucous membranes (39%), increased eyebrow and lash shedding (30%), cardiac arrhythmia (16%), and nausea/vomiting (8%). Not all of the employees used personal protection equipment while administering the drugs; protective non-woven aprons - 64% of the surveyed, face mask - 61%, protective glasses - 36%.Conclusion. The highest number of symptoms caused by contact with chemotherapeutics is observed among people exposed to cytostatics for the longest period of time.The amount of cytostatics administered to patients per week is significantly correlated with the frequency of alarming changes in the nurses' systems, probably caused by contact with the medications.Furthermore, nurses do not make a sufficient use of personal protection equipment.Key words. nurses, cytostatics, complications, occupational exposur

The Internet addiction among students of primary schools and lower and upper secondary schools and its relation to their level of physical activity

Introduction: Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, which significantly affects the development of children and youth. Unfortunately, students take less and less physical activity devoting much more time to surfing the Internet. Aim: Determining the relationship between the degree of the Internet addition and the level of physical activity of primary school students and lower and upper secondary school students. Material and methods: The study covered 463 students in the fifth and sixth grades of primary schools and the second and third classes of lower and upper secondary schools.  The research was carried out from February 2017 to April 2017 in schools in Lublin, Radom and nearby villages. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey, and tools: Internet addiction test, Dr. Kimberly Young and the authors’ self-designed survey containing questions about physical activity. Results: Dr. Young test pointed out the addiction in 53 out of 463 tested pupils (11.4%). The dependence concerned 12 primary school students (7.9%), 26 lower secondary school students (16.0%) and 15 upper secondary school students (10.0%). In contrast, the risk of addiction occurred in 33 (7.1%) students. Moderate physical activity during the last week for a minimum of 10 minutes 88.8% of respondents declared. Conclusions: • Internet addiction affects the level of physical activity. • The least time for physical activity have those diagnosed with addiction. • It is advisable to undertake educational and activative actions on the forms of leisure time for pupils at all stages of education